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Conscription Archduke Ferdinand Czar Nicholas II Trench warfare Total war Holtzendorff Soviets Rasputin Trotsky Mobilization William II Propaganda War of attrition Reparations Woodrow Wilson Lenin Armistice Militarism Schlieffen Plan. Chapter 16. War and Revolution.
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Conscription Archduke Ferdinand Czar Nicholas II Trench warfare Total war Holtzendorff Soviets Rasputin Trotsky Mobilization William II Propaganda War of attrition Reparations Woodrow Wilson Lenin Armistice Militarism Schlieffen Plan
Chapter 16 War and Revolution
The Road to World War I • European nations are competing over colonies and trade • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (1882); Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, and Russia (1907) • Austria-Hungary and Russia are rivals over Balkans • 1914 European states angry with each other • Nationalism-other groups want their independence • Slavic groups in Balkans and Poles under Russian rule want their own nations • Irish (under British rule) want independence-rebellion in Dublin, lose, but eventually get independence in 1921
Militarism • Big armies create tension in Europe • Russian army 1.3 million men; French and German 900k each; British, Italian, and Austro-Hungarian armies 250k to 400k each • Militarism, alliance systems, and nationalism are long-term causes of WWI • (right turmoil of WWI alliances)
Direct Causes • 1914 Serbia (supported by Russia) wants to become independent; Austria-Hungary doesn’t want this • June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungarian throne) visits Bosnia with wife Sophia • Terrorist organization called Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group wanted Bosnia to be free from Austria-Hungary and to be part of Serbian Kingdom • GavriloPrincip shot Francis and Sophia • Austria-Hungary gets support from Germany (called a “blank check”) from Emperor William II saying Austria-Hungary has Germany’s support even if Russia gets involved • Ridiculous ultimatum goes to Serbia; Serbia must reject it • July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Ferdinand and Sophia
Russia gets involved • Russia helps Serbia • Czar Nicholas II orders mobilization of Russian army (getting ready for war) • Germany reacts and warns Russia to stop; Russia ignores this warning • Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914
Schlieffen Plan • German military plan drawn up by General Alfred von Schlieffen • Send some troops to Russia but most to France • After defeating France, concentrate on Russia • 3 August Germany declares war on France • Germany orders Belgium to let troops pass through their territory • 4 August Great Britain declares war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality • By 4 August, all of the great European powers were at war!
Western Front • Schlieffen Plan called for Germans to surround French army • First Battle of the Marne (Sept. 6-10); Germans close to Paris; 2,000 Paris taxicabs with troops sent to front line • Stalemate-- due to trench warfare • Trenches stretched from the English Channel to Switzerland • Both sides basically did not move for 4 years • (Right Battle of Marne picture, bottom Parisian taxicabs to Battle of Marne)
Eastern Front • Russian army moves into Germany but was defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg (Aug. 30) and Battle of Masurian Lakes (Sept. 15) • Russians no longer a major threat to Germany • Austria-Hungary forced out of Serbia by Russians • Italians betray Triple Alliance, attack Austria and join Triple Entente; they are now called the Allied Powers • (right Battle of Tannenberg;
Eastern Front • Germany helps Austria-Hungary defeat Russia and push them back to their own territory • 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, wounded • Bulgaria joins Germany and Austria-Hungary Sept 1915 and defeat Serbians • Germans able to focus on west. Retreat of Russians from Tannenberg
1916-1917 Western Front • Trenches protected by barbed wire (5 ft), troops lived in holes in the ground, the area between trenches known as “No Man’s Land” • Sometimes artillery would tear down barbed wire and have soldier charges but few worked • In 10 months at Verdun, France 700k men died over a few miles of land • WWI was a war of attrition--a war of wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses • (right trench WWI)
Widening of the War • Ottomans join Germany; Allies declare war on Ottomans • Allies land at Balkan front of Gallipoli; Allies lose • Britain promises to give Italy some of Austrian territory • 1917-a world conflict • British officer Lawrence of Arabia urged Arab princes to revolt against Ottomans • British forces from Egypt destroy Ottoman Empire in Middle East • Allies seize German’s colonies (weak navy, strong army) • Japan (British ally) seize German islands in the Pacific • Australia seized German New Guinea • (top Gallipoli, bottom Lawrence of Arabia)
War in the Air • 1915 airplanes on battlefront for the first time • At first, they are used to find enemies, then used to attack • Pilots first fired at each other with pistols, later machine guns mounted on planes • Germans also used zeppelins-giant airships to bomb London, but they were full of hydrogen, which made them burn easily when hit • (top WWI airplane; bottom burning zeppelin)
German Navy • U.S. tries to stay neutral • Britain and Germany try to blockade each other; Britain has naval power; Germany has submarines (u-boats) • May 7, 1915 British ship Lusitania was sunk by Germans • 1,100 civilians died, including over 100 Americans • German government agreed to avoid antagonizing U.S. • (Last survivor of the ship died last week)
US Enters War • January 1917 German officers convinced Emperor William II to resume unrestricted submarine warfare • Emperor said he was concerned about the U.S., Naval officers tell him not to worry • German Admiral Holtzendorff (leader of the German Navy) said, “I give your Majesty my word as an officer that not one American will land on the continent.” • Said British would surrender before U.S. could get involved
Germans Were Wrong • British DID NOT surrender • U.S. got involved in war in April 1917; psychological boost, money, war goods • Many soldiers arrive in 1918 Lusitania
The allies thought it was unthinkable that the opposition would use poisonous gas as a form of warfare.
French soldier with gas mask in WWI
Various WWI gas masks Persian Gulf War 1991
Total War and Propaganda Chapter 16 Section 2 (continued)
World War I – Total War Became total war--involved complete mobilization of resources and people Affected lives of all citizens People had to be organized to support war effort German U-boat
Government Power Government expands power Countries draft tens of millions of men Also expand power over economies Government made price, wage and rent controls; rationed food and materials; regulated imports and exports Economies in Europe were – planned economies All citizens were considered to be part of the country’s dedication to victory (right Serbian soldier)
Woodrow Wilson Quote The men and women “who remain to the soil and man the factories are no less part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags.” President Wilson
World War I • Before 1914 leaders thought war would not be worth fighting and diplomats could prevent war • Government propaganda--ideas to spread influence public opinion for or against a cause; stirred up national hatreds before war • Most people thought their nation’s cause was just • People thought war would be over in a few weeks; soldiers thought they would be home by Christmas
Manipulation of Public Opinion As casualties got worse, less support for war Authoritarian regimes like in Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary use force to control population Democracies even expand police powers to stop internal dissent British government under the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) allow the government to arrest protestors as traitors Newspapers were censored and suspended
Propaganda Governments use propaganda to arouse enthusiasm for war They exaggerate the atrocities of opposing forces Use propaganda to encourage participation in military and support of war
Women New roles for women Became chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, factory workers in heavy industry At the end of the war, these jobs would be quickly taken from women By 1919 650,000 unemployed women in Britain Wages for women still employed would be lower Women’s participation did have a positive impact on the women’s movement In Germany, Austria, U.S., and Britain, women given the right to vote More upper and middle class women begin to have jobs and get their own apartments
Pictures from WWI Ottoman Empire Soldiers
