Culture, Socialization, and Human Development

1. Culture, Socialization, and Human Development

2. Socialization and Enculturation • Socialization is the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of behavior that are affected by culture (refers to society). • The actual process • Enculturation is the process by which youngsters learn and adopt the ways and manners of their culture (refers to culture) • Product of the socialization process

3. Models of Culture and Socialization • Psychoanalytic • According to Freud and his followers, socialization plays a key role in human development, and specifically in shaping personality and mental health/illness. • Culture is all-powerful in shaping biological predisposition. • What takes place during socialization is determined largely by culture.

4. Culture and Developmental Processes • Even if Freud’s theories are discounted, much of what he proposed concerning the impact biological factors on development has passed the test of time. • That we are born with certain genetically transmitted predispositions is no longer debated. • Recall that, according to Freud, we are born with an ID, the biologically based component of the human personality. • The other two components, the EGO and the SUPEREGO, are the products of socialization.

5. Current Perspectives on Genetically base Factors • As noted in your text, without getting into specific theories, there is widespread agreement that we are born with different “temperaments”. • These biological predispositions interact with socialization to produce individual differences in personality and adjustment. • In other words, our styles of interacting with the world that exists from birth.

6. Temperament Types Difficult Temperament • intense, irregular, withdrawing style, negative moods. Easy temperament - very regular, adaptable, mildly intense behavior that is positive and responsive. Slow to warm up -will withdraw initially but will adapt with time.

7. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles • Authoritarian Parents-unquestioned obedience, child must be controlled. • Permissive Parents-few guidelines, but warm and nurturing. • Authoritative Parents-sensitive to child’s maturity and firm, fair, and reasonable. • Uninvolved Parents-indifferent parents who are too involved in their own lives.

8. Culture and Attachment • Attachment-the special bond that develops between the infant and its primary caregiver, provides the child with emotional security. • According to Bowlby’s Evolutionary Theory of Attachment, infants must have a pre- programmed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers (survival strategy).

9. Culture and Attachment (cont.) Ainsworth’s Classification System • Secure • Ambivalent • Avoidant

10. An Overview of the Enculturation Process • Culture  mother  infant • Parenting styles • Genes  infant  mother  culture • Temperament and attachment • Parents and children interactive partners in joint creation of cultural meanings

11. Early Anthropological Modelsof Culture and Socialization • Kardiner (1939) Propose first theoretical model - Not concerned with how culture shapes personality across cultures - Studied the role socialization within a specific culture

12. Primary and Secondary Institutions Primary Institutions: • Socioeconomic framework • Child Rearing Practices • Basic Personality Structure

13. Secondary Institutions: • Projective Systems (art, religion, rituals, customs)

14. Whiting and Child (1953) • Maintenance Systems • Child Training Practices • Personality Variables • Projective Systems