Socialization and Development Chapter 4

1. Socialization and Development Chapter 4

2. After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Discuss how biology and socialization contribute to the formation of the individual. Know what sociobiology is. Explain how extreme social deprivation affects early childhood development. Identify the stages of cognitive and moral development. Explain the views of the self developed by Cooley, Mead, and Freud. Understand Erikson’s stage model of lifelong socialization. Explain how family, schools, peer groups, and the mass media contribute to childhood socialization.

3. Socialization The process of social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society Through socialization children learn Their culture Acquire a personality

4. Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture Every human being is born with a set of genes, inherited units of biological material. Where do these inherit traits come from?

5. Nature Versus Nurture: A False Debate Nature Inherited characteristics Nurture Socialization experiences

6. Deprivation and Development Human infants must: Develop social attachments learn to have meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds with others.

7. What is an attachment disorder? A persons inability to trust people and to form relationships with others. Most common group that is affect by attachment disorder Adopted children

8. The Concept of Self Every individual comes to possess a social identity by occupying statuses—culturally and socially defined positions—in the course of his or her socialization. Social identity is the total of all the statuses that define an individual.

9. How does this human being who is growing and developing physically, emotionally, intellectually, and socially experience these changes?

10. Is there something constant about a person’s experience that allows one to say, “I am that changing person—changing, but yet somehow the same individual?”

11. How does the self develop? When the individual becomes aware of his or her feelings, thoughts, and behaviors as separate and distinct from those of other people.

12. Six Concepts of Self An awareness of the existence, appearance, and boundaries of one’s own body The ability to refer to one’s own being by using language and other symbols Knowledge of one’s personal history Knowledge of one’s needs and skills The ability to organize one’s experiences The ability to take a step back and look at one’s being as others do, to evaluate the impressions one is creating, and to understand the feelings and attitudes one stimulates in others

13. Dimensions of Human Development

14. Theories of Development Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson stand out because of the contributions they have made to the way sociologists today think about socialization. Cooley and Mead saw the individual and society as partners. They were symbolic interactionists

15. Cooley looking-glass self We imagine how our actions appear to others. We imagine how other people judge these actions. We make some sort of self-judgment based on the presumed judgments of others. In effect, other people become a mirror or looking glass for us

16. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) I Portion of the self wishes to have free expression, to be active and spontaneous. Me Portion of the self is made up of those things learned through the socialization process from family, peers, school, and so on.

17. Significant others Refer to those individuals who are most important in our development, such as parents, friends, and teachers

18. Generalized others The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations of society as a whole, or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are important to us.

19. Three Stages Self Develops

20. The first or preparatory stageis characterized by the child’s imitating the behavior of others, which prepares the child for learning social-role expectations. In the second or play stage, the child has acquired language and begins not only to imitate behavior, but also to formulate role expectations: playing house, cops and robbers, and so on. In the third or game stage, the child learns that there are rules that specify the proper and correct relationship among the players.

22. Id The drives and instincts that Freud believed every human being inherits, but which for the most part remain unconscious.

23. Superego Society’s norms and moral values as learned primarily from our parents.

24. Ego Tries not only to mediate in the eternal conflict between the id and the superego, but also to find socially acceptable ways for the id’s drives to be expressed.

25. Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994) “Identity crisis” In your opinion, what is an identity crisis?

26. Early Socialization in American Society Socialization began with The Family

27. How important are schools to the process of socialization?

28. Day to Day Peer Groups Peers are individuals who are social equals

29. Diverse Society How do you think Television, movies, and video games? In what ways? Can we blame the t.v., movies and video games for the effect? Why or why not?

30. Four consequences of repeated exposure to video games It produces more positive attitudes and expectations regarding the use of aggression It leads to rehearsing more aggressive solutions to problems It decreases consideration of nonviolent alternatives It decreases the likelihood of thinking of conflict, aggression, and violence as unacceptable alternatives

31. Adult Socialization Primary socialization is completed when he or she reaches adulthood.

32. Primary socialization Means that individuals have mastered the basic information and skills required of members of a society.

33. In the Primary Socialization Stage a person has Learned a language and can think logically to some degree Accepted the basic norms and values of the culture Developed the ability to pattern behavior in terms of these norms and values Assumed a culturally appropriate social identity.

34. Adult socialization The process by which adults learn new statuses and roles.

35. Resocialization Involves exposure to ideas or values that in one way or another conflict with what was learned in childhood. Going to college Religious changes

36. Total institutions Environments such as prisons or mental hospitals in which the participants are physically and socially isolated from the outside world.

37. Goffman noted several factors that produce effective resocialization. Isolation from the outside world Spending all of one’s time in the same place with the same people Shedding individual identity by giving up old clothes and possessions for standard uniforms A clean break with the past Loss of freedom of action.

38. Marriage and Responsibility Today’s young adults no longer accept uncritically many of the traditional role expectations of marriage. Give your definition of marriage. Define the roles.

39. Parenthood This requires a reexamination of the role expectations each partner has of the other, both as a parent and as a spouse.

40. Career Development: Vocation and Identity Means stepping into a new social context with its own statuses and roles, and it requires that a person be socialized to meet the needs of the situation.

41. Aging and Society Late in life many people are forced to acquire another social identity. Change can be very damaging to older people’s self-esteem, and it may even hasten them to their graves