ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR

1. ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR WORLD CULTURES

2. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

3. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WWI devastated Russia. More than _______________ Russians died fighting in the war. This was _____ the number of Americans killed. The war also destroyed the __________________ systems and caused large shortages of ____________. To end the USSR’s involvement in the war, Lenin agreed to give Germany a lot of land – the USSR lost ____% of its population and ____% of its farm land. Many Russians were unhappy about this. 2 million 40x transportation food 26 27

4. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION During the middle of WWI (in the summer of ______), a group of Russians who hated the Lenin and the communist party started a _________________ to overthrow the communists. In the Russian Civil War, the communists were called the “__________” and the other side was called the “_______________”. The White Army got support from many countries in the world who wanted to see communism destroyed in Russia. The _____________, ___________________, and 12 other nations sent troops to help the Whites. However, these troops were poorly organized and often outnumbered by the Reds. By __________ the Reds defeated the Whites, and Russia stayed communist. 1918 civil war Reds Whites USA Great Britain 1920

5. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION The Communist government was _________that the US and other western nations had sided with the Whites and attacked them during one of their most difficult times as a new government. Afterwards, the communist government put all of their efforts into building a strong _________ to protect itself against “a world with no friends”. Lenin later claimed that this was the start of the ___________with the US. furious military Cold War

8. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII

9. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII For two decades after WWI, Stalin ruled the USSR as an “_______ of communism” surrounded by a sea of free nations. The USSR survived without any__________, political or military support from other nations. island economic

10. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII By the late 1930’s, Hitler’s Nazis were starting to take over different countries in Europe, such as ___________________and ___________. Fearing that Hitler would come into the USSR to take land, Stalin signed a___________________ with Germany, hoping that this friendship with Hitler would keep the USSR safe. This friendship between Germany and the USSR made the US distrust and dislike the USSR even more than before. Czechoslavakia Poland peace treaty

11. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII In 1941 Hitler broke his promise to Stalin and invaded the USSR. Stalin quickly asked the __________ and _________________ to help him fight the Nazis. Despite their differences and dislike of each other, the three nations joined together to fight the Nazis. However, although they were fighting together, the USA and the USSR still remained very _________________ of each other. USA Great Britain suspicious

12. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII Soon, bitter disagreements over how to fight the Nazis developed between the USA and the USSR. More Russian soldiers were killed in the fighting of WWII than the soldiers of the _______, Great Britain, and ___________ combined. The USSR lost more than _______________ people in the war, and felt that this number would have been a lot smaller if the USA and Great Britain had agreed to fight the Nazis in France earlier than they did. Stalin felt that a _____________ front would have helped to divert Hitler’s troops from the eastern front in Russia. However, the USA and Great Britain felt that they deserved credit for helping to stop Hitler in Russia because they had sent _________ airplanes, over _________ tanks, and ______________tons of food. Despite these fights, the USSR and the USA and GB decided to keep working together to defeat the Nazis. USA France 20 million western 8,800 3,700 2 million

13. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII The D-Day invasion of Normandy, France on __________________, opened up the long-awaited western front against the Nazis. On the eastern front, the Russians were able to turn the Nazis back at _________________. Now, Hitler and his troops were squeezed between the American and British troops in the west, and the Russian troops in the east. Soon, Berlin, the headquarters of the Nazis fell to the allies. Then, in April of 1945, the American soldiers and the Russian soldiers met for the first time on the banks of the __________River in Germany. The two sides rejoiced and partied together over the defeat of the Nazis. Although the soldiers celebrated together, the USA and the USSR soon slipped back into their enemy status as they disagreed over how to ________________ war-torn Europe June 6, 1944 Stalingrad Elbe rebuild

14. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

15. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII

17. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII

18. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII After the devastation of WWII some nations such as Great Britain and Germany lost world power. However, two countries – the _________ and the __________ emerged as the new “____________________” of the world. Even though these two countries had worked together to defeat the Nazis, they remained very hostile to each other and had opposite views. The USSR believed in _____________, one-party rule, a _____________ economy and equality while the USA believed in ______________, capitalism, and individualism. Since they had been the dominant countries to have freed Europe from Nazi control, they started to struggle for world ______________. USA USSR Superpowers communism command democracy leadership

19. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII As WWII came to an end, the leaders of the USA (_________________), Great Britain (_____________________) and the USSR (___________________) met to discuss how to end the war and what to do with Germany. This conference was called the ______________ Conference. The three powers decided that each of them and France would occupy different regions of Germany. They also divided the city of ____________. FD Roosevelt Winston Churchill Josef Stalin Yalta Berlin

20. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII As far as the other countries affected by the war, the USA and Great Britain agreed to remain in the Western European countries they had freed from the Nazis only long enough for the countries to regain their strength. The USSR, on the other hand, decided to keep all of the countries in ______________________ that they had freed. They did this because they wanted a ______________________ to protect themselves from any further German aggression and attacks from the democratic countries of Western Europe. The USSR also wanted to keep Hungary, _______________ and Bulgaria since they had fought with the Nazis. Eastern Europe buffer zone Romania

21. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII Eventually, the new US president, ______________, and Stalin agreed to recognize each other’s influence in the regions of Europe they had freed. Stalin quickly established communist governments in Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. It soon became clear that postwar Europe would be divided into two regions – the communist ____________ and the democratic ________________. Harry Truman East West

22. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII Marshall In 1947 the US developed the ________________Plan – a plan that gave $17 billion dollars in aid to any European nation that needed it. President Truman did this because he was afraid that if nations could not rebuild they might fall to __________________. The USA thought that the plan would promote ____________ and stability in Europe, but the USSR thought it was a trick to “economically __________” Europe. They refused to let any of their Eastern countries accept the money. These actions further divided east and west Europe and increased the ____________ between the two superpowers. In _____________ Walter Lippman first used the term “_____________” to describe the enduring tensions between the two nations. communism peace enslave tensions 1948 Cold War

24. I. WESTERN COUNTRIES INTERFERED IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

25. II. AN UNEASY ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE WEST DURING WWII

26. III. CONFLICTS IN EUROPE AFTER WWII

28. IV. THE COLD WAR ESCALATES IN GERMANY

29. IV. THE COLD WAR ESCALATES IN GERMANY After WWII, the eastern half of Germany was communist controlled by the Soviets and the western half was free under the leadership of the US, GB, and France. The USSR and the USA argued over who should have control over the capital of Germany – the city of ____________. The Soviets said it belonged to them, because it is located in the eastern half of the country. The USA disagreed, and issued a new _______________ in West Germany and West Berlin to show their involvement in the city. Berlin currency

30. IV. THE COLD WAR ESCALATES IN GERMANY To protest the western involvement in Berlin, the USSR put into place a ________________ of Berlin on ___________________. This closed off all _______________, __________, and ____________ routes to and from the city. Soon afterwards, Stalin also cut off the people of Western Berlin from all supplies of _________, power, and ________. Stalin hoped the blockade would force the western nations to remove their troops from West Berlin and admit Soviet control of the region. blockade June 24, 1948 rail road water fuel food

31. IV. THE COLD WAR ESCALATES IN GERMANY The people of the world watched as the crisis in West Berlin got worse and worse. The US response to the blockade was to try to avoid an _____________ conflict without giving up West Berlin to the Soviets. To do so, the US started airlifting supplies into West Berlin in __________________. This event was called the ________________________. armed August of 1948 Berlin Airlift

32. IV. THE COLD WAR ESCALATES IN GERMANY Every day for almost a year, the US flew _________tons of food and fuel to the city. To the people of the world, the Soviets appeared to be ruthless, attempting to starve millions of men, women, and children. Finally, in May of 1949, Stalin reopened the routes into the city. But Berlin remained ___________ - a lasting symbol of the Cold War. In _________ the Soviets built the _______________________ around West Berlin to prevent people in communist East Germany from escaping to freedom. The Berlin Wall would remain in place until the fall of communism in Germany in ________. 13,000 divided 1961 Berlin Wall 1989

35. V. THE ARMS RACE BEGINS

36. V. THE ARMS RACE BEGINS atomic bomb The mighty destructive power of the ________________ served as the backdrop for Cold War tensions between the USSR and the USA. The US was the first to fully develop and test the atomic bomb, although many nations were working to be the first. The first test of an atomic bomb occurred in ___________________ on July 16, 1945. The US used the atomic bomb to end WWII with _____________. After the Japanese refused to surrender, the US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of _________________ and __________________, killing thousands of people. Not only did it end WWII with Japan, but the US hoped that their newly displayed nuclear strength would send a message to the Soviets that they had better not “mess with us”. New Mexico Japan Hiroshima Nagasaki

37. V. THE ARMS RACE BEGINS The development of the nuclear bomb changed the world forever. Both sides realized that even a small war could lead to global catastrophe. By ______________the Soviets had created their own version of the atomic bomb. Americans thought that it would take them _________________years to catch up, but in fact it took them less than ________ years with the secrets they gathered from captured German scientists. Now, the two nations were locked into an “_________________________” – racing to see who could develop the scariest weapons and who could collect the most arms. In 1955 the Soviets beat the USA in developing the ___________ bomb – the USA did not have one until ___ year later. For the next 35 years to arms race would continue to escalate. 1949 7 - 10 5 Arms Race hydrogen 1

38. V. THE ARMS RACE BEGINS Because of the possible threat of nuclear war, neither the USA nor the USSR was willing to risk a direct military confrontation. Instead, they fought the Cold War to expand their “________________________________” around the world. Over the years from the 1950’s to the early 1990’s (when the _____________ fell apart), the world was divided in half – those allied with the USA, and those allied with the USSR. Spheres of Influence USSR

39. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WARHEAD STOCKPILES -- 1945-1995 NOTE: Totals are estimates. Lists include strategic and non-strategic warheads, as well as warheads awaiting dismantling