Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants from Transport Sector in Indian Mega-cities

1. Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants from Transport Sector in Indian Mega-cities Sharma1, M. L. Mittal2, N.V. Iyer3 and C.Y. Deshpande3 1National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi – 110012 India 2Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus, OH 43212-1163 3Bajaj Auto Limited, Akurdi, Pune - 411 035, India

2. Background • Transport sector is a the major contributor of air pollutants especially in the regions of large human population like in urban areas. • In India, transport sector is the second largest consumer of energy after industry

3. Background • HSD and petrol constitute about 98% of total Commercial energy consumption in transport sector. • The annual growth rate of consumption of HSD and petrol during 1980-81 to 1990-91 period was 4.9%, which increased to 5.6% during 1990-91 to 1997-98 period

4. BackgroundIndiahas seen a rapid growth in the vehicle population

5. Major Components for Estimation of Emissions from Transport Sector • Activity Data – Vehicle population by types • Emission Factors – Highly uncertain due to inherent complexities like differences in vehicle technologies, maintenance of vehicles, differences in fuel types and fuel qualities etc.

6. Methodology • Development of Emission Factors • Validation of Developed Emission Factors for a Test Case • Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants for Seven Indian Mega-cities

7. Development of Emission Factors • Concentrations and mass emission factors (EF) of CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and HC in the exhaust emissions from different kinds of vehicle plying on Indian roads are computed using basic principles of combustion. • It is assumed that all the vehicles have new engines and that the ‘Indian Driving Cycle (IDC)’represents the average driving pattern on the Indian roads. • These assumptions were necessitated by the fact that very little information is available for in-use vehicles about their air-fuel ratios which depends on several factors including maintenance of vehicles.

8. Development of Emission Factors • The EF in IC engines depends upon: • Chemical Composition of Fuel • Air to Fuel Ratio • Fuel Consumption at Different Speeds (Indian Driving Cycle for two and three wheelers and Modified Indian Driving Cycle for four wheelers have been used to calculate Emission Factors per unit distance traveled from computed emissions at different speeds assuming that these driving cycles represent average driving pattern)

9. Development of Emission Factors • Parameters which have not been taken into account: • Road parameters • Aging of vehicles • Adulteration in Fuel (Due to paucity of available information)

10. Development of Emission Factors • Emission of pollutants have been estimated at different speeds using the vehicles’ air to fuel ratios for different classes of vehicles. • These were then used to calculate Emission Factors for unit distance traveled using appropriate Indian Driving Cycles

11. Categories of vehicles 1.      Two stroke two-wheeler (2W2S) 2.      Four stroke two-wheeler (2W4S) 3.      Two stroke three-wheeler (3W2S) 4.      Four stroke three-wheeler (3W4S) 5.      Four wheeler gasoline (4WG) 6.      Four wheeler diesel (4WD) 7.      Heavy Duty Diesel Low sulfur (HDDLS) 8.      Heavy Duty Diesel High sulfur (HDDHS)

12. Pollutants for which Emission Factors have been determined • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NO) • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Hydrocarbon (HC)

13. Validation

14. Validation

15. Computed Mass Emission Factors for Different Vehicles FC: Fuel consumption Blank cells: Not calculated in present computation

16. Population of vehicles and distance traveled by vehiclesin Indian Mega-cities P: in thousands D: km/day

17. Emission estimates (in thousand tons) from seven Indian major cities for 1997-98

18. Thanks for your attention! Let us all contribute to make this world better by adopting eco-friendly technologies!