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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Organic Chemistry. Methane. Butanes. Cycloalkanes. Gasoline-Knocking. Internal Combustion Engine. Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text C 9 H 20(l) + 14O 2(g) ---> 9CO 2(g) + 10H 2 O (g). CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 - C - CH 2 - CH - CH 3 |

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Organic Chemistry Dr. S. M. Condren

  2. Dr. S. M. Condren

  3. Methane Dr. S. M. Condren

  4. Butanes Dr. S. M. Condren

  5. Cycloalkanes Dr. S. M. Condren

  6. Gasoline-Knocking Dr. S. M. Condren

  7. Dr. S. M. Condren

  8. Internal Combustion Engine • Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) ---> 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) CH3 CH3 | | CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3 | CH3 isooctane octane number = 100 CH3- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 n-heptane octane number = 0 Dr. S. M. Condren

  9. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • R - RON - research octane number, indicates the quality of the fuel used under normal driving conditions. The car is driving on level ground ~ 45 miles/hour. The RON engine is operating at 600 RPMs with normal carboration. Dr. S. M. Condren

  10. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • M - MON - MON testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Dr. S. M. Condren

  11. Octane Rating (R+M)/2 • engine is operated under test conditions • degree of knocking determined • fuel is then blended from n-heptane and isooctane to duplicate conditions • percentages measured, 87% isooctane, 87 octane gasoline Dr. S. M. Condren

  12. Ethylene Dr. S. M. Condren

  13. Dr. S. M. Condren

  14. Addition Polymer • polymer formed by joining many molecules of the same compound to form the large molecule • The compound usually contains a carbon-carbon double bond Dr. S. M. Condren

  15. Condensation Polymer • polymer formed by molecules of two different compounds joining to form the large molecule • one compound usually has an amine functional group • other molecule has carboxylic acid functional group • split out water molecule to form peptide linkage Dr. S. M. Condren

  16. Dr. S. M. Condren

  17. Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET) + Dr. S. M. Condren

  18. Polyethylene Dr. S. M. Condren

  19. Polyethylene Dr. S. M. Condren

  20. Polyvinyl Chloride Dr. S. M. Condren

  21. Polypropylene Dr. S. M. Condren

  22. Polystyrene Dr. S. M. Condren

  23. Benzene-Aromaticity Dr. S. M. Condren

  24. Toluene Dr. S. M. Condren

  25. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene O2N NO2 HNO3 H2SO4 N O2 Dr. S. M. Condren

  26. Dr. S. M. Condren

  27. Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids Alcohol R’-O-H O Carboxylic acid R-C-O-H O Ester R-C-O- R’ where R & R’=> alkyl group => CH3-(CH2)n- n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc = = Dr. S. M. Condren

  28. Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Soap O CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R O CH -O-H Na-O-C-R’ O CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R” = = O CH2-O-C-R O CH -O-C-R’ O CH2-O-C-R” = = NaOH heat = = fatty acid salts glycerol fat or oil Dr. S. M. Condren

  29. Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Biodiesel O CH3-O-C-R CH2-O-H CH -O-H CH2-O-H = = O CH2-O-C-R O CH -O-C-R’ O CH2-O-C-R” + O CH3-O-C-R’ = = 3 CH3OH + heat = + O CH3-O-C-R” glycerol = fat or oil methyl esters biodiesel Dr. S. M. Condren

  30. Triglycerides – Fats, Saturated = O CH2-O-C-C7H15 O CH -O-C-C7H15 O CH2-O-C-C7H15 = = saturated – fat - solid Dr. S. M. Condren

  31. Triglycerides – Oils, Unsaturated O CH2-O-C-(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 O CH -O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 O CH2-O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3 = = = unsaturated – oil - liquid Dr. S. M. Condren

  32. Nitroglycerin CH2-O-H CH -O-H CH2-O-H CH2-NO2 CH –NO2 CH2-NO2 - - HNO3 - - Dr. S. M. Condren

  33. Cholesterol Dr. S. M. Condren

  34. Alcohols Methanol – CH3OH Ethanol – CH3CH2OH Dr. S. M. Condren

  35. Ethanol CH3CH2OH  CH2=CH2 + H2 ethanol catalyst ethylene Important in 1970-1990s for plastic production Dr. S. M. Condren

  36. Sugars Dr. S. M. Condren

  37. Ethanol C6H12O6 3 CH3CH2OH glucose enzyme ethanol unbalanced Dr. S. M. Condren

  38. Starch (C6H12O6)n 3n CH3CH2OH starch enzyme ethanol corn unbalanced Important in 21st century as source of fuel Dr. S. M. Condren

  39. Synthetic Rubber 1,3-Butadiene ( )n = = = n  butadiene rubber Dr. S. M. Condren

  40. Synthetic Rubber vulcanization Dr. S. M. Condren

  41. Neoprene Rubber s Cl Cl = = s s Cl SCl2  s s n s s s s Cl Cl Cl = = s Cl Cl s s Dr. S. M. Condren

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