Common Acids

1. Common Acids

2. Common Acids Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Nitric Acid HNO3 Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Hydrochloric Acid HCl Acetic Acid CH3COOH Carbonic Acid H2CO3

3. Common Acids Formula Name of Acid Name of Negative Ion of Salt HF hydrofluoric fluoride HBr hydrobromic bromide HI hydroiodic iodide HCl hydrochloric chloride HClO hypochlorous hypochlorite HClO2 chlorous chlorite HClO3 chloric chlorate HClO4 perchloric perchlorate H2S hydrosulfuric sulfide H2SO3 sulfurous sulfite H2SO4 sulfuric sulfate HNO2 nitrous nitrite HNO3 nitric nitrate H2CO3 carbonic carbonate H3PO3 phosphorous phosphite H3PO4 phosphoric phosphate

4. Formation of Hydronium Ions

5. Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4 Compound produced in the largest quantity in the industrial world and is one of the oldest chemical compounds known Production � starts with elemental sulfur obtained through a technique called the Frasch process, in which very hot water forces liquid sulfur out of the ground in nearly pure form. Sulfuric acid is produced by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen in the presence of vanadium(V) oxide (the contact process), followed by the absorption of the sulfur trioxide in concentrated sulfuric acid to produce oleum. Uses � to make fertilizers and potash, one of the major ingredients in fertilizers Compound produced in the largest quantity in the industrial world and is one of the oldest chemical compounds known Production � starts with elemental sulfur obtained through a technique called the Frasch process, in which very hot water forces liquid sulfur out of the ground in nearly pure form. Sulfuric acid is produced by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen in the presence of vanadium(V) oxide (the contact process), followed by the absorption of the sulfur trioxide in concentrated sulfuric acid to produce oleum. Uses � to make fertilizers and potash, one of the major ingredients in fertilizers

6. Nitric Acid, HNO3 For making fertilizers. About 75% of the nitric acid produced in the United States is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate is the most important nitrate so used, and is readily manufactured in plants using the combined Haber-Ostwald processes. Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate are also used as fertilizer ingredients. For making explosives. Many modern explosives are made directly or indirectly from nitric acid. The acid itself is not an explosive, but many of the compounds derived from it form the most violent explosives known. Among these are nitroglycerine, smokeless powder, and TNT. For making dyes. Nitric acid reacts with several products obtained from coal tar, forming nitro compounds. One of these coal tar products, benzene, reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2. Aniline, C6H5NH2, a compound used in making different dyes, is made by reducing nitrobenzene with hydrogen. For making plastics. Cotton which consists mainly of cellulose, (C6H10)5)n, is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to make nitrocellulose plastics. A variety of products is formed, depending on the amount of nitric acid used, the temperature, and the length of time the acid is allowed to act on the cellulose. Manufacturers use sulfuric acid to absorb the water that is formed in the reaction. Celluloid, pyroxylins, photographic film, and many other products are made from such nitrocellulose plastics. Modern Chemistry Metcalfe, Williams, and Catska (1966) pg. 491 For making fertilizers. About 75% of the nitric acid produced in the United States is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate is the most important nitrate so used, and is readily manufactured in plants using the combined Haber-Ostwald processes. Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate are also used as fertilizer ingredients. For making explosives. Many modern explosives are made directly or indirectly from nitric acid. The acid itself is not an explosive, but many of the compounds derived from it form the most violent explosives known. Among these are nitroglycerine, smokeless powder, and TNT. For making dyes. Nitric acid reacts with several products obtained from coal tar, forming nitro compounds. One of these coal tar products, benzene, reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2. Aniline, C6H5NH2, a compound used in making different dyes, is made by reducing nitrobenzene with hydrogen. For making plastics. Cotton which consists mainly of cellulose, (C6H10)5)n, is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to make nitrocellulose plastics. A variety of products is formed, depending on the amount of nitric acid used, the temperature, and the length of time the acid is allowed to act on the cellulose. Manufacturers use sulfuric acid to absorb the water that is formed in the reaction. Celluloid, pyroxylins, photographic film, and many other products are made from such nitrocellulose plastics. Modern Chemistry Metcalfe, Williams, and Catska (1966) pg. 491

7. Hydrochloric Acid, HCl