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Sample Biome Project N. Brown Biology April 15, 2012

Sample Biome Project N. Brown Biology April 15, 2012. ABYSSAL OCEAN BIOME

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Sample Biome Project N. Brown Biology April 15, 2012

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  1. Sample Biome ProjectN. BrownBiologyApril 15, 2012 ABYSSAL OCEAN BIOME http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/habitat/intro.htmDr J Floor Anthoni (1997), Owner and Director, Seafriends Marine Conservation & Education Centre and Café: 7 Goat Island Rd, New Zealand http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/yos/lesson/Grades%205-8/zone.pdf

  2. 1. Characteristics of Biome Abyssal Zone Ocean BiomeLocation 2,000 -6,000 meters under ocean surface(sea floor at depths 6,560 - 19,680 feet) http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abyssal_zone http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageseas/multimedia/deepsimulator.html

  3. Abyssal Zone Ocean BiomeLatitude and Longitude The abyssal zone occupies up to 83% of the ocean floor (or nearly 60% of the earth’s surface), and it is distributed many different latitudes and longitudes. This map shows deepest areas in darkest colors. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2489/abyssal-zone http://www.planetaryvisions.com/Texture_map.php?pid=4127

  4. Most of the abyssal zone is found in water deemed “international waters,” regions of the earth controlled by international treaties. The dark blue region of the map shows locations of all the earth’s international waters. International_waters.svg‎ (

  5. Exploring the abyssal zone requires special submarines that can be operated remotely and that can withstand the high pressures at great depths.At 6000 m depth, the pressure on ocean water is 6782 psi (pounds per square inch)! On the earth’s surface, pressureis 15 psi. http://www.calctool.org/CALC/other/games/depth_press http://www.whoi.edu/website/hades/ Group of researchers collaborating to investigate the deep ocean zones.

  6. Abyssal zone communities are dependent on chemoautotrophs that synthesize carbohydrates using energy from heat & inorganic compounds, like hydrogen sulfide, released from deep water vents. Water is near boiling temperature. These vents are called black smokers; minerals cause the smokey appearance of the water. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abyssal_zone, Dr. M. C. Hogan, Encyclopedia of Earth

  7. Abiotic Factors LightNear total darkness—some low intensity light filters in from above at upper levels of the biomeClimate Average Rainfall noneWater salinity 34 to 36 parts per million (ppm) or 3.5% NaClAverage High/Low Temperatures 0 to 5° C, average 2-3 ° C, nearly constant PressuresThousands of pounds per square inch (psi) versus 15 psi at sea level on land. www.calctool.org/CALC/other/games/depth_press www.eoearth.org

  8. Abiotic factors Low O2 concentrations.High mineral & high H2S concentrations. H2S is toxic for most animals. Soft, flat (plain) sludge bottom.

  9. Biological Communities in Abyssal zone.Many of the animals use bioluminescence to attract prey or mates or to escape from predators. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/deep-sea-bestiary.html

  10. Hydrothermal Vent Communities of the Abyssal Zone Diverse species of chemosynthetic bacteria produce carbohydrates, tube worms, sponges, and clams filter these from the water, and these are eaten by predators like crabs or fish. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chemotrophy_Along_Seafloor_Hydrothermal_Ventshttp://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/dsvents.htm

  11. Sample abyssal zone food web http://www.mesa.edu.au/deep_sea/benthic.asp

  12. Adaptations for capturing prey or finding food.Much of the food is detritus (dead, decaying matter) than filters down from above. Scavengers have intense senses of taste & specialized jaws to filter the sand. Anglerfish Himantolophuspseudalbinaresuse light organs to attract prey. Light is emitted by mutualist luminescent (glowing) bacterial symbionts in its light organs which can be covered with skin flaps. The bacteria are fed by the fish! Upward directed eyes detect prey overhead. http://www.untamedscience.com/biology/world-biomes/deep-sea-biome

  13. Adaptations for escaping predatorsBurglar alarm adaptations, as shown by jellyfish Atollawyvillei, are initiated after capture. The light lures a larger predator to eat the jellyfish’s capturer, allowing its escape. The deep sea shrimp Acanthephyrapurpurea uses bright light to blind predators long enough to escape.HatchetfishArgyropelecushemigymnususe counter-illumination (their color reflects light of the same color as filtered light from above) to prevent being seen by predators swimming below.

  14. Adaptations for finding matesLike Cryptopsarascouesii, some abyssal fish females live with males attached. Other animals use bright color patterns to attract mates of the same species.

  15. Adaptations for maintaining homeostasis at low O2 concentrations. Energy needs of the animals are kept low by body designs requiring little energy for movement. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01528/octopod_1528479c.jpg

  16. Adaptations for preventing death due to high pressures High pressure collapses air filled chambers, so many abyssal zone fish have fat filled—not air filled—swim bladders* http://marinelife.about.com/od/habitatprofiles/p/deepsea.htm; http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/deepsearesearch.html#Pressureadapt * *organs to decrease or increase buoyancy to float upwards or dive

  17. Adaptations for maintaining homeostasis at high pressures Unsaturated phospholipids in cell membranes keep them fluid enough for cell transport. Molecules like trimethylamine oxide TMAO protect proteins from being misshapen and deactivated (denatured) at high pressure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lipid_unsaturation_effect.svg; http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/deepsearesearch.html#Pressureadapt; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine_N-oxide

  18. Nitrogen cycling in the abyssal ecosystem http://www.deepoceanexpeditions.com/black_smokers.html

  19. water cycling in the abyssal ecosystemNot applicable—they’re aquatic http://www.deepoceanexpeditions.com/black_smokers.html

  20. Carbon cycling in the abyssal ecosystem http://www.deepoceanexpeditions.com/black_smokers.html

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