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Immune Response

Immune Response. Humoral Immune Response Activation of B-Cells to produce antibodies Cell-mediated Immune Response Activation of cytotoxic T-Cells. Active vs Passive Immunity. Active immunity… via natural exposure Relies on active production of antibodies through a pathway of steps

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Immune Response

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  1. Immune Response • Humoral Immune Response • Activation of B-Cells to produce antibodies • Cell-mediated Immune Response • Activation of cytotoxic T-Cells

  2. Active vs Passive Immunity • Active immunity… via natural exposure • Relies on active production of antibodies through a pathway of steps • Can be induced through vaccination • Passive immunity… transferring antibodies from one individual to another • Mother to fetus (IgG antibodies) • Mother to infant (IgA antibodies)

  3. Humoral Immune Response • Helper T-Cell • Stimulated by the excretion of cytokines by dendritic cells • Recognizes the MHC 2 site and stimulates B-Cells and Cytotoxic Ts • CD4 site binds to MHC site • Entry point for HIV • Makes clones • Produces cytokines to activate immune system • Activates Cell-mediated response

  4. Humoral Immune Response • B-Cells • Activated by the helper Ts • Releases cytokines to activate Bs • Recognize surface proteins and polysaccharides for antigens (pollen, venom, pet dander, …) • Allergies or hypersensitivities • Strong reaction leads to anaphylactic shock • Over exaggerated response by mast cells cause acute drop in blood pressure and swelling • Weaker response that T activated response • Produce antibodies and numerous clones

  5. Cell-mediated Response • Cytotoxic T-Cells activated by the helper T-Cells search out MHC 1 sites on infected cells • Bound by the CD8 surface protein • Converts the cell to an active killer • Destroys the cell and searches for others • Certain viruses and cancers mutate MHC 1 sites to evade the killers

  6. Recognition of Self • All cells produce surface proteins • Somatic cells proteins are recognized as self • Called self-tolerance • A person with A blood type recognizes their own blood antigens as self but B surface antigens as foreign • They are similar to B surface antigens found on many common bacteria • Monitored by IgM antibodies… primary response • Rh factor is a surface antibody that produces a secondary response • Produces IgA antibodies from B-Cells • MHC sites • No 2 people have the identical MHC site • Causes tissue rejection in transplantation • Recipient and donor must be close… medication is then given to suppress the secondary response

  7. Autoimmune disease • Body loses the ability of self recognition and attacks self • Lupus • Adult onset diabetes

  8. Immunodeficiency • Immunodeficiency • Inborn… genetic syndromes hallmarked by the inability to generate antibodies • Acquired… • Stress • HIV • Creates loss of helper Ts through entry of CD4 site with presence of a secondary co-receptor (fusin) which is a chemokine found on the surface of healthy cells • Retro virus… RNA and reverse transcriptase • Makes DNA which is integrated and the lytic cycle begins

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