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Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs

Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs. 2012 Tribal Webinar Series Grid Reliability – Impacts to Tribal Renewable Projects July 25, 2012 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM MDT. Grid Reliability. Laurent Webber, Reliability Compliance program Manager, Western Area Power Administration.

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Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs

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  1. Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs 2012 Tribal Webinar Series Grid Reliability – Impacts to Tribal Renewable Projects July 25, 2012 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM MDT

  2. Grid Reliability Laurent Webber, Reliability Compliance program Manager, Western Area Power Administration

  3. What is Reliability? • NERC defines a reliable bulk power system as one that is able to meet the electricity needs of end-use customers even when unexpected equipment failures or other factors reduce the amount of available electricity. NERC divides reliability into two categories: Adequacy: Adequacy means having sufficient resources to provide customers with a continuous supply of electricity at the proper voltage and frequency, virtually all of the time. “Resources” refers to a combination of electricity generating and transmission facilities, which produce and deliver electricity; and “demand-response” programs, which reduce customer demand for electricity.  Maintaining adequacy requires system operators and planners to take into account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outages of equipment, while maintaining a constant balance between supply and demand.  Security: For decades, NERC and the bulk power industry defined system “security” as the ability of the bulk power system to withstand sudden, unexpected disturbances such as short circuits, or unanticipated loss of system elements due to natural causes.  In today’s world, the security focus of NERC and the industry has expanded to include withstanding disturbances caused by man-made physical or cyber attacks. The bulk power system must be planned, designed, built and operated in a manner that takes into account these modern threats, as well as more traditional risks to security.

  4. What is Grid Reliability? • Quality electric power is available all the time. • Quality? • Voltage • Frequency • Surges • Spikes • Sags • Brown-out

  5. Adequate Level of Reliability • Balance between cost and benefit • NERC Adequate Level of Reliability Task Force • http://www.nerc.com/filez/alrtf.html

  6. Reliability Performance Time Frames • Steady State – pre-disturbance • Transient – during the disturbance, from milliseconds to seconds, with automatic responses and control actions • Operator response – from seconds to minutes/hours, with some automatic actions plus operator actions • Recovery and system restoration – post disturbance, from minutes to hours, with actions to re-establish a sustainable operating state and then a new steady state that meets specific reliability objectives established by the circumstances of the Disturbance

  7. Electric Reliability Organizations • FERC • NERC • RRO (WECC)

  8. FERC • The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) was chartered as a result of the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, signed by President Carter on August 4, 1977 and established within the Department of Energy. • FERC regulates the natural gas, electricity, oil and hydropower industries. FERC does not own, finance, construct or operate any energy facilities. • Energy Policy Act of 2005 which increased FERC’s authority for regulating electric reliability.

  9. NERC • June 1, 1968 National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) was established by the electric utility industry, in response to the 1965 Northeast blackout. • July 20, 2006 FERC certified NERC as the “electric reliability organization” for the United States. • North American Electric Reliability Corporation • NERC writes the Reliability Standards, FERC provides guidance and approves standards.

  10. Regional Reliability Organizations The Alaska Systems Coordinating Council (ASCC) is an affiliate NERC member.

  11. RROs • FRCC - Florida Reliability Coordinating CouncilMRO - Midwest Reliability OrganizationNPCC - Northeast Power Coordinating CouncilRFC - Reliability First Corporation • SERC - SERC Reliability CorporationSPP - Southwest Power Pool, RETRE - Texas Regional EntityWECC - Western Electricity Coordinating Council

  12. The Reliability Standards •  14 Categories, like Balancing, Protection, Facilities, modeling • 120 Standards • 1535 requirements • Complete Set: http://www.nerc.com/docs/standards/rs/Reliability_Standards_Complete_Set.pdf

  13. Enforcement • The RROs audit and spot check the major utilities who are registered as Transmission Owners, Generator Owners, Balancing Authorities, etc. • Possible violations are reported to NERC and FERC. • NERC can enforce through monetary sanctions.

  14. Yes, it’s a bureaucracy. • Dr Seuss. He wrote a book called Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? • One part of the book describes the job of a bee watcher • There is a bee that has a slight tendency to be a little lazy • To motivate the bee to work a little harder there’s a Bee-Watcher

  15. The compliance bureaucracy, simplified • Unfortunately there’s an impression that the bee-watching man just isn’t bee-watching as hard as he can. • So he ought to be watched by a Bee-Watcher-Watcher • The Bee-Watcher-Watcher watched the Bee-Watcher. • He didn’t watch well. • So another had to come in as a Watch-Watcher-Watcher!

  16. Bee Watcher watchers • Is the Compliance Program Manager a Bee-Watcher? • Is WECC the Bee-Watcher-Watcher? • Is NERC Bee-Watcher- Watcher-Watcher? • Is FERC the Bee-Watcher- Watcher- Watcher-Watcher?

  17. There can be the perception of a long line of watchers and one poor doer.

  18. The bees should know how the bee watchers will affect them.

  19. Thus, Grid Reliability – Impacts to Tribal Renewable Projects • How does reliability affect renewable resources? • How do renewable resources affect reliability? • Generator Owner • Any single generator >20MVA or any facility >75MVA • Transmission Owner • > 100 kV • Balancing Authority, Distribution Provider, Generator Operator, Interchange Authority, Load-Serving Entity, Planning Authority, Purchasing-Selling Entity, Reliability Coordinator, Resource Planner, Reserve Sharing Group, Transmission Operator, Transmission Planner, Transmission Service Provider

  20. Generation must equal Load • Balancing Authorities • Measure frequency and power flow in and out of their control area • Automatic generation control • Contingency reserve • Spinning reserve • Non-spinning reserve • Interruptible load • Wind and solar generation are “variable resources”

  21. Balancing Authority cooperation is essential for variable resources. • Large utilities can incorporate variable resources into their generation mix. • For small BAs and it can be challenging to control with a significant mix of wind and solar generation • For various reasons (maybe related to reliability controls) it may be difficult to get cooperation from BAs • DOE and FERC support Energy Impact Marketing (EIM) as a solution.

  22. EIM • A marketing strategy that spreads the wind and solar uncertainty over a larger group of generators. • EIM aggregates the variability of generation and load over many BAs. • With EIM, if a self-scheduled generator fails to produce its scheduled delivery, it will be charged a per MWh price for settlement of the resulting imbalance. • Currently scheduling is done hourly; sub-hourly scheduling is encouraged for EIM.

  23. Physics of frequency control • Synchronous interconnected system • If more energy goes in the system tends to speed up. • If more energy goes out the system tends to slow down. • Inertia – an object in motion tends to stay in motion • Flywheel effect • Massive turbines and electric machine rotors • How fast will the system slow down or speed up.

  24. Frequency response; sudden loss of a large generator.

  25. Inertia, flywheel, rotating mass • The rate at which frequency drops is related to the inertia of the system. • Governors control the speed (frequency) and power output of generators. • Governors respond to bring the frequency back up. • The lowest frequency on the graph is determined by the system inertia (rate of decline) and the governor response time.

  26. Who cares about frequency? • BAs – frequency is an important indicator of the balance between load and generation. • Steam turbines – designed to operate at a specific speed. If the frequency is off by a couple Hz, the turbine is likely to be damaged. • To protect turbines, most steam power plants will trip off when the frequency is wrong. • includes coal and nuclear

  27. Reliability • Solar and wind generators do not contribute to inertia to the system. • Solar and wind generators don’t participate in frequency control. • Scientists have estimated that the electric grid can operate reliably with about 9% solar and wind. • NERC estimates show solar and wind at about 5% by 2021 • Smart grid and load control, will help.

  28. Summary • Generator Owner/Operator if individual generators are >20MVA or facilities >75MVA • Transmission Owner if non-radial and >100kV • Even if not directly under NERC Reliability Standards • Scheduling and planning challenges • BA cooperation • Energy Impact Marketing • Sub-hourly scheduling • Evolving smart-grid controls

  29. Questions?

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