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Blood

Blood. Biology 2122 Chapter 17. Characteristics/Functions. Connective Tissue (Formed Elements) pH : 7.35-7.45 Males : 5-6 L; Females : 4-5 L O 2 and CO 2 ; Hormone Transport Regulatory (Body Temperature; pH; Fluids) Protection : Antibodies-Immune System. Blood Composition.

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Blood

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  1. Blood Biology 2122 Chapter 17

  2. Characteristics/Functions • ConnectiveTissue (Formed Elements) • pH: 7.35-7.45 • Males: 5-6 L; Females: 4-5 L • O2 and CO2 ; Hormone Transport • Regulatory (Body Temperature; pH; Fluids) • Protection: Antibodies-Immune System

  3. Blood Composition • Plasma (55%) • Dissolved solutes; Water • FormedElements • Erythrocytes; Leukocytes; Platelets • BuffyCoat • Proteins • Albumin

  4. Erythrocytes • Function/Structure • Biconcave discs • No mitochondria • Functions • Gas Transport; Hb and oxygen gas affinity • Delivers oxygen gas to cells; carbon dioxide as waste 2. Concentration • Hematocrit • Females vs. Males

  5. Production Hematopoiesis-Erythropoiesis LifeSpan: 120 days StemCell: Hemocytoblast

  6. Regulation, Destruction and Disorders • EPO– Erythropoietin • Hypoxia (negative feedback) • Diet • Storage • 65% Hb in Erythrocytes • Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow • Transport: Transferrin protein (Ferritin) • Destruction • Bilirubin • Disorders • Anemia; Polycythemia

  7. Leukocyte Classification • Granulocytes • Neutrophils; Eosinophils; Basophils • Larger; short-lived compared to RBC • Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes; Monocytes • No cytoplasmic granules • Specific immune response

  8. Characteristics of Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs) • Lilac stain • Eosinophils • Pink Granules (acid stain); large • Parasitic Worms • Basophils • Lg. granules (blue-basic); Histamine; U or S-shaped nuclei

  9. Characteristics of Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Dk. Purple Spherical nuclei • T and B-Cells (Specific Immunity) • Monocytes • U-Shaped nuclei • Macrophages

  10. Leukocyte Production • Leukopoiesis • StemCell • Stimulated by ChemicalMessengers • Glycoproteins (Interleukins and Colony-Stimulating Factors 4. Pathways • Lymphoid vs. Myeloid Stem Cells

  11. Blood Groups and Blood Types • ABOGroups • Based on presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) – A or B • Plasma: antibodies (agglutinins) • TypeO (universal donor); TypeAB (universal receiver) 2. Rhantigens (Factors) • 85% are positive 3. Frequency • O>A>B>AB

  12. Hemostasis – How Blood Vessels Repair Themselves • Blood vessels undergo damage – unseen • Hemostasis - response to this damage • “Plugging the Hole” – ClotFormation • Stages • VascularSpasm • PlateletPlug • Coagulation

  13. Spasms and Plugs • VascularSpasm • Damaged blood vessels (vascular smooth muscle) -------- Chemicals ------------ constriction (spasm) • “Vasoconstriction” • Most Effective – small blood vessels • PlateletPlugFormation • Platelets “aggregate” ------ Plug (temporary) • Adhere to exposed collagen fibers • Von Willebrand factor; ADP; Serotonin; Thromboxane

  14. Coagulation – ‘blood clotting’ • Multi-step pathway (mediated by clotting proteins) • Platelets – reinforced by fibrin (fibrin mesh) • ClottingFactors (plasma proteins) • Factors activated (enzyme) • Cause a ‘cascade effect’ • I – XIII

  15. Pathways

  16. Pathways - Prothrombin Activator • Both factors cascade – commonfactorX • Prothrombinactivator • Prothrombinactivator catalyzes transformation of prothrombin to thrombin. • Thrombin • Fibrinogen ---------- Fibrin • Insoluble strands glue platelets – clot • Factor XIII activated (binds fibrin strands)

  17. Hemostasis 4. ClotRetraction – stabilizes the clot 5. PDGF – promotes smooth muscle cells and fibroblast to repair wall. 6. Fibrinolysis – removes unnecessary clots • Plasmin (clot buster) • Heparin; Antithrombin III (anticoagulants) • Hemostasis Animation

  18. Disorders • ThromboembolicDisorders • Thrombus • Embolus • Embolism • DVT Animation 2. BleedingDisorders • Hemophilia

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