World War II In Europe

World War II In Europe December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Schofield Barracks and Hickham Air Field, Hawaii

World War II--Pacific The attack on Hawaii brought the United States into the war.

World War II In Europe Dec. 8, 1941 U. S. declares war on Japan; Dec. 11, 1941: Germany & Italy declare war on U. S. December 7, 1941

World War II--Pacific Political master-mind: Hideki Tojo Tactical master-mind: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Japanese “Peace Mission” to Washington while Yamamoto’s fleet set sail for attack on Hawaii (Nov. 1941)

World War II--Pacific Attack on Hawaii: Sunday, December 7, 1941 8:00 a.m.—9:30 a.m. Japanese: 181 airplanes from 6 aircraft carriers U. S. losses: 21 ships sunk or badly damaged (8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers); 188 Aircraft destroyed & 159 damaged; 2,403 killed (1,177 on U.S.S. Arizona); 1,178 wounded.

World War II--Pacific Attack on Hawaii: Japanese losses: 64 killed, 29 aircraft destroyed; 74 aircraft damaged Admiral Husband E. Kimmel blamed for devastating losses Army Lieutenant General Walter C. Short shared the blame

World War II--Pacific Attack on Hawaii: The “miracle” of Pearl Harbor: The U. S. Pacific Aircraft Carrier Fleet, under Rear Admiral William F. Halsey, was at sea on routine maneuvers

World War II--Pacific Japan wanted control of Southeast Asia and China. Eastern Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

World War II--Pacific December 7-10, 1941: attacks against Hawaii, Wake Island, The Philippines, and Indonesia. Malaya/Singapore,

World War II--Pacific Japan’s goal: to stop European and American colonial expansion in the Pacific U. S.—Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines Great Britain: Burma, India, Malaya France: Indochina (Vietnam) The Netherlands: East Indies

World War II--Pacific Singapore, Dec. 1941- Feb. 1942—the British forgot the lessons of history. Japanese did the unexpected: attacked through the jungle. “Greatest military disaster in British history.”

World War II In Europe 5 million Americans volunteer for military service. 10 million drafted. General Marshall asked for a Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) to perform non-combat military duties After great debate in Congress, WAAC approved; Oveta Culp Hobby first director

World War II In Europe December 22, 1941: Roosevelt & Churchill’s Washington Conference. Top priority: defeat of Germany Hold in Pacific Accept only unconditional surrender

World War II--Pacific The Philippines 100,000 Filipinos; 31,000 Americans Commander: Gen Douglas MacArthur Excellent battle plans based on with- drawing and fighting a delaying Action until relief convoy from the U. S. arrived. Force was well-trained.

World War II--Pacific The Philippines Did not follow the battle plans. Tried to defeat the Japanese at the water’s edge. Japanese successful—huge U. S. losses in people and materiel. Relief convoy never sent; Roosevelt orders MacArthur to Australia

World War II--Pacific The Philippines April 1942—Bataan falls—40,000 American POW

World War II--Pacific The Philippines Bataan Death March 10,000 began 3,000 died from heat, exhaustion, disease, beatings, beheadings, bayonetings, being buried alive. Japanese BUSHIDO

World War II--Pacific Allied build-up in the Pacific —1942-43 U. S. Commander of Pacific naval forces: Admiral Chester A. Nimitz.

World War II--Pacific U. S. Army commander: General MacArthur British commanders: Lord Mountbatten and General Slim

World War II--Pacific Allied Strategy British: Malaya/Burma/ India Admiral Nimitz: island hopping; Navy and Marines Gen. MacArthur: New Guinea/Philippines

World War II--Pacific Early 1942, Army Air Corps General Jimmy Doolittle and a force of B-25 bombers, takes off of the U.S.S. Hornet and bombs Tokyo. Little damage to Japan but a great morale boost to American people.

World War II--Pacific Turning Point in the Pacific War Battle of Midway (following Battle of the Coral Sea), May 1942. Early May: Battle of Coral Sea U. S. intercepted Japanese fleet bound for invasion of Australia First naval battle where opposing fleets never saw each other—planes vs. ships.

World War II--Pacific Turning Point in the Pacific War Battle of Midway, May 1942. U. S. Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance defeats Yamamoto Four Japanese and one U.S. aircraft carriers sunk.

World War II--Pacific Island Hopping Guadalcanal—Aug 1942- February 1943

World War II--Pacific Island Hopping

World War II--Pacific Solomon Islands and Gilbert Islands: November 1943

World War II--Pacific Battle of Tarawa Gilbert Islands Tarawa an atoll made of coral. Flat—no vegetation. 38 islands, circled by a coral reef with a lagoon in the middle. Most of the battle fought on the main island of Betio. 4,836 Japanese, well-dug-in.

World War II--Pacific Battle of Tarawa Not enough Amphtracs—used Higgins Boats. Charts—102 years old. Did not listen to native intelligence. Synchronization problems: Naval gunfire too early. Naval air too late & on station only 8 minutes, not 30 as planned. Land-based aircraft did not show.

World War II--Pacific Battle of Tarawa Marines sitting ducks. Japanese artillery at 3,000 yards. Heavy machineguns at 2,000 yds. Higgins boats stuck on reef at 800 yards. Marines had to wade, under heavy Japanese fire, 700-800 yards. Battle raged 5 days. Marines win but with many casualties. Only 17 Japanese survive.

World War II--Pacific February 1944: Battles of Kwajalein and Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands

World War II--Pacific The Marianas Islands: Battle of Saipan: June 1944; Battle of Guam: July 1944

World War II--Pacific September-October 1944 Battles of Leyte, Leyte Gulf and Peleliu

World War II--Pacific

World War II--Pacific At Leyte Gulf, the Japanese attempt a New tactic: kamikaze (“Divine Wind”) 424 kamikaze suicide missions; 16 U.S. ships sunk; 80 damaged Battle of Leyte Gulf a disaster for Japan; lost 4 battleships, 4 carriers, 13 cruisers, 400 planes

World War II--Pacific January 1945: Battle of Luzon—MacArthur returns to main island of the Philippines February 1945: the miracle of Los Banos— a perfect U. S. operation

World War II--Pacific February 19-March 17, 1945: The Battle of Iwo Jima 6,000 Marines Killed; 20,700 Japanese entrenched; most killed

World War II--Pacific April 1-June 21, 1945 The Battle of Okinawa U.S. 20,000 casualties; 7,600 killed; Japanese: 110,000 killed Allied planners predict 1 million allied casualties if Allies invade the Japanese home islands.

World War II--Pacific April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt dies of a massive stroke in Warm Springs, GA Vice President Harry S. Truman of Missouri sworn in as the nation’s 33d president Informed of a new weapon being developed

World War II--Pacific In Los Alamos, New Mexico scientists under Dr. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves worked on the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb First test blast on July 16, 1945 to give Truman a bargaining chip over Stalin at the forthcoming Potsdam Conference.

World War II--Pacific July 1945, Truman, Stalin, and Churchill (later Clement Attlee) meet at Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany Truman informs other Big 3 members about bomb and they design post- war Germany

World War II--Pacific After Okinawa, Truman is convinced he must use the atomic bomb against Japan. Some scientists wanted to stage a demonstration for Japanese. But only 2 bombs available at the time. Truman was convinced, after several meetings, that using the bomb in a surprise strike against a Japanese city would save the most lives—American and Japanese

World War II--Pacific August 6, 1945: B-29 The Enola Gay, piloted by Paul W. Tibbets, drops a single atomic bomb, named “Little Boy,” on Hiroshima, Japan

World War II--Pacific The city is destroyed; about 70,000 people are killed.

World War II--Pacific August 9, 1945, a B-29 named Bock’s Car drops an atomic bomb named “Fat Man” that destroys the city of Nagasaki

World War II--Pacific Emperor Hirohito orders his government to ask for terms of surrender. 10 August 1945: Japanese ask for terms of peace. Allies demand unconditional surrender.

World War II In Europe