IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500

1. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge • Geography • Andes Mountains • High altitudes • frosts • Arid climate of the coast - Little rainfall • Hot & humid jungles of the Amazon

2. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 2. Technology • Accurate calendar - Time planting and harvest of crops • Domestication of frost resistant potatoes and grains • Terraced hillsides • Freeze-drying • Domestication of the llama and alpaca - Meat - Wool - Long distance transportation

3. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Record Keeping • No system of writing • Khipus or quipus • A system of knotted colored cords • Used for administration: to record population counts, tribute obligations, etc

4. Warm Up: What geographic challenges did Andean civilization face?

5. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Labor Structure • Family • The clan, or ayllu(aye-You) - Held land communally - Clan members obligated to assist each other in common labor • Ayllu provided labor and goods to chief

6. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Mit’a • Each ayllu contributed a set number of workers for specific tasks each year - Rotational labor draft • Members of ayllu work the fields, care for llama and alpaca herds - Owned by religious establishment, courts, aristocracy • Built and maintained roads, bridges, temples and large irrigation and drainage projects • Produced textiles and essential goods

7. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Gender roles • Work divided along gender lines • Men- Hunting, military service, government • Women- textile production, agriculture, and the home

8. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 B. Moche 1. Identity • North coastal region of Peru in about 600 c.e. • No formal empire of unified government • Identity based on culture

9. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Agriculture • mit’a labor system • extensive irrigated agriculture - produced maize, quinoa, beans, sweet potatoes and manioc • Alpaca and llama herds - Transportation, wool for textiles, meat.

10. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Moche Society • Stratified and theocratic. • Wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of an elite - priests and military leaders who lived atop large platforms - decorated themselves with magnificent clothing, - jewelry, and tall headdresses.

11. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Continued • Commoners cultivated their fields • supplied mit’a labor to the elite. • Moche artisans were skilled in the production of textiles, ceramics, and metallurgy. - Gold and silver were used for decorative purposes, - copper and copper alloy for farm tools and weapons.

12. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Decline • may be attributed to a series of natural disasters in the sixth century • and to pressure from the warlike Wari people in the eighth century.

13. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 C. Tiwanaku and Wari • Tiwanaku Civilization • Centered in modern Bolivia • High elevation (13,000 ft) • experienced increased agricultural productivity and urbanization in the years following 200 c.e. • cultivated potatoes and grains on raised fields reclaimed from marshland.

14. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Urbanization • urban construction included a large terraced pyramid, walled enclosures, and a reservoir. • Construction was done with large stones - quarried, moved, and laid by thousands of laborers - working with simple technology and copper alloy tools.

15. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 • Tiwanaku Society • highly stratified, ruled by a hereditary elite, • included specialized artisans. • Not a large city • Political and ceremonial center.

16. IV. Andean Civilizations, 600-1500 4. The Wari • was located near the city of Ayucucho, Peru. • Wari had contact with Tiwanaku but was a separate culture; • the city being built without central planning, • with different techniques, • and on a much smaller scale than Tiwanaku. • Both Tiwanaku and Wari declined to insignificance by 1000 c.e.