The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “ Middle Powers ” : Part One ,1885-1918

1. TheComing of a BipolarWorldandtheCrisis of the “MiddlePowers” : PartOne ,1885-1918

2. ThePositionof thePowers, 1885-1914 Italy Japan Germany Austria-Hungary France GreatBritain Russia United States

3. France

4. France • BothEnglandandFrancewantedtohavecoloniesin Africa • WhenEnglandoccupied Egypt in 1880s , France and England were on strained terms • France had lots of coloniesbut not morethanEngland • In economy of France ,thereweremanydevelopments , especiallybanking, financeandtheiron-steelindustry • France’sgovernmentmade an alliencewithItalybecausetheyunderstoodthatGermanywasunabletocope

5. GreatBritain

6. GreatBritain • GreatBritainwasthemostpowerful on theworldand it had themostcolonies . • At thebeginning , Englandwasstanding in forefront in textile, coul productionandiron but theothercountriesdevelopedtheirindustrialposition.Soeffect of England on otherpowerfulcountriesdecreased in thatdecades. • Englanddroppedtothethirdrankwhileothercountriesrapidlyimprovetheireconomy .Sootherpowerfulcountriesincreased their effects on England • After all of themEngland’sgovernmentenhancedcustomsdutytodecreaseeffect of other countries on trade of England andtheycould achieve it

7. Russia

8. Russia • Russia had very big population • Russia had most powerful military of the world and Russia especially paid importance for their military power and the railway access • In oil production, Russia was the second one • In coal production, Russia came up from 6 to 36 million tones production • In 1914, Russia came up to the fourth rank on industrial power • In poor location of Russia , people was using primitive tools for agricultural production so the productions was less than others

9. Russia 7. Health status of Russia wasn’t good and death rate was more than European countries because of drinking 8. In 1900 years, Russia had domestic disturbance 9. Russia was very powerful on military but there were many disorder system.

10. United States

11. United States • After US finished its civil war, America was the most powerful country on the world • Causes • Rich agricultural land • Vast raw materials • Having enough technology (railways, the steam engine,mining equipment) • The lack of social and geographical constraints • The absense of significant foreign dangers • After the Spanish-American war, there were many significant innovation.

12. United States 4. America had the most oil production and it used up copper mostly 5. American people wanted to increase their importance of domestic market so the sales people was prevented by the American government and they achieved it. 6. Particularly the American sales people substantially affected on foreign trading and they exported largely 7. So other countries’ economy was decreased.After that in these countries this position emerged mutinies.

13. What are the important points of these countries? • France • Colonies • Banking, finance, iron-steel industry • Great Britian • Colony • Geographical Location • Finance • Russia • Big population • Powerful military(with disorder system) • Coal production • Oil production • Health status (death rate)

14. United States • Rich agricultural land • Vast raw materials • Having enough technology (railways. The steam engine,mining equipment) • The lack of social and geographical constraints • The absense of significant foreign dangers

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