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Minerals and Vitamins for Cattle

Minerals and Vitamins for Cattle . Mark L. Wahlberg Extension Animal Scientist Virginia Tech. Calcium Phosphorous Potassium. Magnesium Sulfur Sodium. Macrominerals (percent or grams per day). Cobalt Copper Iodine Iron. Manganese Selenium Zinc.

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Minerals and Vitamins for Cattle

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  1. Minerals and Vitamins for Cattle Mark L. Wahlberg Extension Animal Scientist Virginia Tech

  2. Calcium Phosphorous Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Sodium Macrominerals(percent or grams per day)

  3. Cobalt Copper Iodine Iron Manganese Selenium Zinc Microminerals(parts per million or milligrams)Most are included in trace mineral salt

  4. Table 1. Minerals and Forage and Requirements by Cattle

  5. Forage Mineral Content Depends Upon • Fertilization - (Primarily NPK and Ca) • Innate soil characteristics • Stage of growth - young, rapidly growing is a lot higher • Species Composition - Legumes higher than grasses • Season of the Year

  6. Stages of Growth of Orchardgrass Constituents Full Dry Matter % Leafy Boot Headed Bloom Seeding Crude Protein, % 33.9 17.6 10.1 7.8 6.1 Phosphorus, % 0.41 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.17 Potassium, % 3.90 2.86 2.47 1.87 1.63 Magnesium, % 0.21 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.18 Calcium, % 0.47 0.36 0.26 0.35 0.42

  7. Stages of Growth of Red Clover Constituents Early Late Dry Matter % Leafy Bud Bloom Bloom Seeding Crude Protein, % 29.3 20.5 19.5 14.0 13.2 Phosphorus, % 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.15 0.15 Potassium, % 3.48 3.17 2.14 1.39 0.85 Magnesium, % 0.38 0.41 0.37 0.43 0.29 Calcium, % 1.38 1.31 1.42 1.61 1.58

  8. Copper Requirement and Toxicity

  9. Copper Toxicity • Excess accumulates in liver, animal is normal during this phase • Once liver cells die, Cu is released, blood Cu increases 10 to 20 X • Clinical signs begin 24 to 48 hr later (anorexia, excessive thirst, depression) • Death 1-2 days following signs

  10. Copper Status Affected By • High Molybdenum (normal is 1 to 3 ppm) decreases gut absorption • Cu:Mo ratio of 10:1 or less are desired • Sulfur can enhance the Mo effect on Cu absorption • High Zinc (>100 ppm) reduces liver Cu • Minerals in water must be considered

  11. Copper is a Special Consideration • Often a deficient item • Charolais/Simmental have higher requirements • Immune Status is impaired • Commercial minerals often don’t have enough • Should have 0.1 to 0.15% (up to 0.2% for Sim/Char

  12. Selenium Deficiency • Immune response, embryonic mortality, infertility, high mortality of newborns, reduced growth, white muscle disease • Associated with Vitamin E • Our soils are marginal to deficient • Selenium supplements are controlled by FDA

  13. Selenium Supplementation • Not included unless the label says it is Selenium, in the form of sodium selenate or sodium selenite, can be added to cattle feeds up to • Max of 0.3 PPM in total diet • Max of 120 PPM in free-choice mineral • Max of 3.0 mg Se per head per day

  14. Practical Considerations About Selenium for Cattle • Can be added to feed or injected • Blood levels are good indicators of Se status • Injectible “wears off” within 2 or 3 months • Se analysis of feeds is not routine and quite expensive • Forages in VA and NC are probably deficient • At least 50 PPM Se needs to be in all cattle minerals

  15. Bovatec Rumensin GainPro Deccox Tetracycline Intake is inconsistent Intake is often a lot higher than needed Can be very helpful with certain problems Footrot* Pinkeye? Feed Additives in Minerals

  16. Mineral Intake is Not Constant • Individual animal variation • Seasonal variation • lower in mid summer • Mineral product formulation • unpalatable ingredients (Dical, MgO) • grain products, molasses, etc • Loose vs Block • Proximity to water • Intake should range from 2 to 6 oz/day

  17. Chelated Minerals • Mineral elements bound to proteins or amino acids to enhance absorption • Zinc Methionine, Copper Lysine are examples • High cost ingredients • Uptake (“digestibility”) is improved • If animal is OK before, production is not increased with chelates

  18. Vitamins for Cattle • B-Vitamins are made in adequate amounts in the normally functioning rumen • Vitamin A is made from carotene, in abundance in green forage. Several months supply is stored in the liver. • Vitamin D is obtained from sun-cured forages and skin irradiation by sunlight • Vitamin E is found in green forage

  19. Vitamins in Minerals • Poor Quality Forages have low vitamin content • Vitamins are Cheap • Vitamins deteriorate over time (storage) • Winter feeding programs should include vitamins in the mineral product

  20. Salt Products • White salt, often with iodine added, is not a mineral supplement and is inadequate as the only source of supplemental minerals • Trace mineralized salt contains added microminerals, not including Selenium unless specifically stated. It’s usually 95 to 98% salt • With excellent forage and stocker cattle or pregnant cows, TMS can be just fine for cattle, but it must always be fortified with added Se

  21. Complete Mineral • Contains salt, macrominerals, & microminerals, may contain vitamins • Phosphorous is a high-cost ingredient • Grain products increase intake, but they dilute all the minerals in the mixture • If used free-choice, should be the only source of salt & minerals provided • May be blended into other feeds, often 50 pounds per ton of feed

  22. One Producer’s Approach • Cows calve in spring and are bred by July • Cows receive a high Mag complete mineral beginning when hay is fed through breeding • Rest of season cows receive high Selenium trace mineral salt • Forage analysis has proven that pastures provide adequate minerals

  23. Mineral Nutrition Startswith Forage Management • Maintain proper soil pH and fertility to support rapid plant growth • Maintain mixed stands of appropriate grasses and legumes • Maintain forages at a rapid stage of growth • These practices will raise the level of minerals in the forage to a point that few specific mineral elements are deficient

  24. Too Mature Ideal for Pasture

  25. Issues Relative to Minerals • Interactions are complex • Deficiencies can result from imbalances • High S, Mo can interfere with Cu and Zn • Mineral supplementation likely to be part of source verification criteria • In general, the companies are behind on their formulations • Se, Cu, Fe • Homemade mixtures should be discouraged

  26. Deficient Copper Selenium Sodium Zinc Marginal Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Iodine Deficient Minerals In VA

  27. Mineral Requirements • Age • diet • growth • Production Status • lactating or dry • pregnant • Health Status

  28. Mineral Requirements of Cattle

  29. Mineral Requirements

  30. Mineral Content of Grazed Forage Glade Spring Trial, 1996 Pasture Mineral Requirement Mineral Content Cows Calcium, % 0.37 0.4 Phosphorous, % 0.32 0.25 Magnesium, % 0.28 0.2 Potassium, % 2 0.7 Sodium, PPM 66 1000 Sulfur, PPM 2469 1500 Zinc, PPM 25 30 Copper, PPM 7 10 Manganese, PPM 68 40 Iron, PPM 124 50 Selenium, PPM 0.15 0.1 *Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Seventh Edition, 1996.

  31. Homemade Regular Mineral

  32. Homemade High Mag Minerals

  33. Example Feed Tag Values

  34. Practical Considerations About Copper for Sheep • No added Cu to minerals for sheep in Va • Some manures and biosolids can dramatically change soil mineral levels, thus the levels in plants grown on those soils • Cattle are often Cu-deficient, cattle minerals must have Cu added • Cu toxicity is a problem seen in mature ewes, not young lambs

  35. Special Concerns with the Ewe Flock

  36. The Lamb Fed a High Grain Ration

  37. Metabolic Diseases Related to Minerals • Grass Tetany is a Magnesium deficiency, usually in lactating ewes in early spring. More common with cattle. Increase Mag content with MgO. • Milk Fever (aka parturient paresis) is a Calcium deficiency in late pregnancy or early lactation, usually caused by excessively high Ca intake prepartum. Feed normal levels of Ca (.4 to .6% of total diet).

  38. Urinary Calculi in Grain-Fed Lambs • Urinary Calculi is a blockage of the urinary tract. Caused by imbalance of Ca and P in the diet • Grains are low in Ca, high in P. Animal requirements are for more Ca than P • Provide mineral with high Ca and no added P, or at least a 3:1 or 4:1 ratio. • Add 1 or 2% limestone to the grain mix

  39. Southern Va Producers Mineral

  40. Southern Va Producers Mineral

  41. Virginia Tech Forage Testing Laboratory Contact Person: Judy Baker or Laura CoffeyTelephone - (540)231-6870E-mail = Forage@VT.EDU

  42. Minerals supplement - Commercial

  43. Commercial Minerals

  44. Broiler Litter Presents Challenges • Contains lots of salt and minerals • Voluntary intake of minerals is low • Selenium, Magnesium, Vitamins still low • Must force feed these items • Top dress or blend into litter/grain mixtures

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