Chapter 1 -- Globalization

1. Chapter 1 -- Globalization Rowntree, et. al., as modified by Joe Naumann, UMSL

2. Conclusion from a healthy world view • "The deeper we look into nature the more we recognize that it is full of life, and the more profoundly we know that all life is a secret, and we are all united to all this life." Albert Schweitzer Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

3. Origins of Geographic Study: natural human inquisitiveness • Thinking geographically is one of the oldest human activities. Perhaps the first geographer was a prehistoric human who crossed a river or climbed a hill, observed what was on the other side, returned home to tell about it, and scratched the route in the dirt. Perhaps the second geographer was a friend or relative who followed the dirt map to reach the other side. • James M. Rubenstein in Contemporary Human Geography Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

4. Chapter 1: Globalization and Diversity World Regions Map of World Regions (fig. 1.2) Regions defined by Rowntree et al. Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

5. Learning Objectives • Understand framework for studying world regional geography • Examine varied aspects of globalization • Economic, cultural, geopolitical, environmental, social • Understand the following models and terms • Demographic transition • Measures of population growth and change • Indicators of social development • Measures of economic development • State, nation, and nation-state • Culture • Core-periphery model Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

6. What is Geography? • An Exploration of Terrestrial Patterns and Connections • The geographic perspective. • Elements of geographic study • Began with basic human needs for order and meaning in life • The “Mother” of sciences and other disciplines • The Five Themes of Geography Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

7. Awaken to Wonders . . . • Click on the globe above to see the video Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

8. Geography as a bridging subject • Regional geography serves as a bridge between many disciplines which originated as branches of geography Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

9. Regional geography may be seen as areal systems analysis Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

10. Areal (spatial) systems analysis Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

11. Four Laws of Ecology – many applications • Everything is connected. • Think of a spider web of interconnections. • Everything goes somewhere. • Think of changing forms – from log to ashes and gases! (Every atom from the log still exists) • Nature knows best! • Nonbiodegradable compounds can be dangerous, and they never go away! • There’s no such thing as a free lunch. • Every environmental change has consequences! Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

12. Point of view – broad & connective • Geographers are concerned with more than locating phenomena and cataloging their characteristics. – that may be a starting point. • Geographers may seek to identify regions, areas of commonality, once the locations of phenomena have been plotted • May use historical perspective • Geographers may seek connections between this phenomena and others to see if there are cause-effect relations. • Geographers try to understand the “whole picture” of the human relationship with the earth which humanity occupies. Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

13. Past & Present Perspectives • Environmental Determinism • Largely discredited • Possibilism • More balanced and realistic Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

14. Diversity Amid Globalization • Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through the converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change • Converging Currents of Globalization • Global communications link world regions • Global transportation moves goods quickly • Transnational conglomerate corporations; international financial institutions more powerful than many countries • Global free-trade agreements • Market economies replace state-controlled economies • Privatization replacing goods & services from governments • Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or not) • Globalization of workers, managers, executives Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

15. Global Consumer Culture • May erode local diversity • Can cause social tensions between traditional cultures and new, external globalizing influences • Examples: clothing, food, movies, and more • Global goods and services more familiar in North America, because many originated there • Hybridization:sometimes occurs when forms of American popular culture spread abroad then are melded with local cultural traditions • Hybridites include world beat music, Asian food, Japanese comic books, that are now found worldwide Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

16. The Geopolitical Component • Globalization goes beyond national boundaries • United Nations provides representation to all countries • Global trade and cultural exchange are the product of international agreements • Environmental Concerns • Globalized economy creates and intensifies environmental problems, disrupts local ecosystems as transnational firms search for natural resources and factory sites • Native peoples may lose resource base • Globalization aggravates world environmental problems (climate change, air & water pollution, deforestation) • International treaties may help Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

17. Social Dimensions • Increased international migration • Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S. • Africans, Asians to Western Europe • Japan and Korea less homogeneous • Immigrants from poor countries to less poorones nearby • Criminal element to globalization • Terrorism (discussed later in the chapter) • Drugs • Illegal narcotics link remote Burma to global economy • Economies reorient to drug smuggling & money laundering • Pornography, prostitution and gambling Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

18. Drug Trade The Global Drug Trade (Fig. 1.6) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

19. Advocates and Critics of Globalization • The Proglobalization Stance (Advantages) • Globalization is logical expression of capitalism • Removing trade barriers increases efficiency, spreads new technology and ideas • Free flow of capital will enhance global economic wealth • World’s poorer countries will catch up through globalization • The Antiglobalization Stance (Disdvantages) • Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s free-market economic model to foster their own development • Globalization creates greater inequalities • It promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at the expense of local, indigenous economies • Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime, harmful flora and fauna) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

20. Global Economic Inequity 1960-2000 (Fig. 1.9) Inequity Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

21. A Middle Position? • Many experts say arguments both for and against globalization are exaggerated • Globalization is probably unavoidable • Even anti-globalization forces use the global reach of the internet to oppose globalization • It is both necessary and possible to manage globalization at national and international levels • Reduce economic inequities • Protect the natural environment • Strong & efficient governments, international organizations, and watchdog groups can help manage globalization • Really can’t be stopped, but probably can be channeled Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

22. Diversity in a Globalizing World • Will globalization bring a homogenous, culturally bland world? • The world is still a diverse place • Language, religion • Foods, architecture, urban form • Politics, economics • Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing to separatist political movements • Politics of diversity demands attention to worldwide tensions over terrorism, ethnic separateness, regional autonomy, political independence • List 2 evidences of diversity in St. Louis area. Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

23. Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography • Geography describes Earth and explains spatial patterns • Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography • Environmental geography (biogeography) • Population and settlement (demography) • Cultural coherence and diversity (cultural geography) • Geopolitical framework (Political geography) • Economic and social development (economic geography) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

24. Population and Settlement: People on the Land • The human population is at its largest point: more than 6 billion people on earth • About 86 million born each year (10,000 each hour) • 90% of population growth in developing regions (Africa, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia) • Several important population issues • Population growth rates vary from region to region; some grow rapidly, others with slow or no growth • Regions and countries have vastly different approaches to family planning (to increase or decrease population), from regulation to incentives and social cooperation • Migration is very important; some migrate for better life, but others migrate to flee war, persecution, or environmental disasters • The greatest international migration in human history is occurring NOW Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

25. World Population (Fig. 1.12) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

26. Population Growth and Change • There are several important population statistics that you need to know (memorize) • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage increase • (annual # of births) – (annual number of deaths) = RNI • Current world RNI is 1.3% per year • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): total number of births divided by the total population, giving a figure per 1,000 of the population; world CBR is 22 per 1,000 • Crude Death Rate (CDR): total number of deaths divided by the total population, giving a figure per 1,000 of the population; world CDR is 9 per 1,000 Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

27. Population Growth and Change • More population statistics you must know • Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children born by a statistically average woman (world average - 2.8; 1.4 – Europe; 5.2 - Africa) • 2.1 is the replacement rate • Percentage of population under age 15 • Signals future rapid population growth • Percentage of population over age 65 • Older people need more health care, social security from younger workers • Population pyramids: show the gender and percentage of the population in specific age groups Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

28. Population Pyramids (Fig. 1.14) Population Pyramids Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

29. The Demographic Transition • Demographic transition model –four-stage model that tracks changes in birthrates and death rates through time as a population urbanizes • The four stages • Stage 1: High birth rate and high death rate • Stage 2: Death rate falls dramatically; birth rate stays high • Improved public health, modern medicine • Linked to economic development • Stage 3: Death rate low, birth rate begins to fall • Linked to urbanization, industrialization • Stage 4: Low birth rate and low death rate Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

30. Demographic Transition Model The Demographic Transition (Fig. 1.15) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

31. Migration Patterns • Today, about 125 million (2%) of total world population are migrants of some sort • Much international migration linked to global economy • Push factors: negative conditions that drive people from a location • Cultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural disasters • Pull factors: favorable conditions at a destination that attract people • Economic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good climate • Most migration involves both push and pull factors working together • Networks of families, friends, and sometimes labor contractors connect migrants from their origins to their destinations Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

32. An Urban World • Cities - the focal points of the modern globalizing world • The size and growth rate of some cities is staggering • Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil) • More than 20 million residents • And they’re adding 10,000 new people each week • Both are predicted to double in the next 15 years • Urbanized population: percentage of a country’s people who live in cities • Currently, 47% of world’s population lives in cities • U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia are more than 75% urbanized • Rates of urbanization in developing world is usually less than 50%, and may be considerably lower Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

33. Growth of World Cities (Fig. 1.18)(2000 and projected 2015) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

34. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Geography of Tradition and Change • Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (not individual) behavior, and includes both abstract (language, religion) and material elements (architecture, technology) • When Cultures Collide • Cultural imperialism: active promotion of one’s cultural system over another • Cultural nationalism: the process of defending a cultural system against offensive cultural expression while at the same time actively promoting local or national values • Cultural syncretism or hybridization: the blending of elements of culture to form a new culture Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

35. Language and Culture in Global Context • Language and culture are closely tied • Language is often the characteristic that best defines cultural groups • Since language is the means for communication within a cultural group, it includes other aspects of cultural identity (politics, religion, commerce, folkways, customs) • Dialect: a distinctive form of a language associated with a specific region (e.g., American and British English) • Lingua franca: a third language that is adopted by people from different cultural groups within a country who cannot speak each other’s language (e.g., Swahili in Africa, or English in India) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

36. Languages World Languages(Fig. 1.22) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

37. Geography of World Religion • Religion is another extremely important defining trait of cultural groups • Universalizing religion: attempts to appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (examples: Christianity with 2 billion, Islam with 1.2 billion, Buddhism) • Ethnic religion: identified closely with a specific ethnic group; does not actively seek converts (examples: Judaism, Hinduism with 850 million in India) • Secularization: exists when people consider themselves to be non-religious or outright atheistic (about 1 billion) – Secular Humanism – a way of life stressing logical “good values” without basing them on religion Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

38. Religions Major Religious Traditions(Fig. 1.36) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

39. Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity • Geopolitics: term that describes the close link between geography and political activity • Focuses on the interaction between power, territory, and space at all scales • State: a political unit with territorial boundaries recognized by other countries and internally governed by an organizational structure • Nation: a large group of people who share many cultural elements (e.g.: language, religion, cultural identity) and view themselves as a single political community -- NATIONALISM • Nation-state: a relatively homogenous cultural group with its own fully independent political territory (e.g.: Japan, France); Kurds are a nation without a state Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

40. Kurds: A Nation without a State (Fig. 1.26) – A Stateless Nation Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

41. Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity Micronationalism: group identity with the goal of self-rule within an existing nation-state - On the rise, and a source of geopolitical tension in the world Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Centrifugal forces: Cultural and political forces acting to weaken or divide an existing state - Examples: linguistic minority status, ethnic separatism, territorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-being Centripetal forces: Forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure - Examples: shared sense of history, need for military security, overarching economic structure Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

42. Global Terrorism • 9/11 terrorist attacks not attached to a nationalist or regional geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or autonomy • Global terrorism - product & expression of globalization • Asymmetrical warfare: the differences between a superpower’s military technology and strategy and the lower level technology and decentralized guerilla tactics used by al Qaeda and the Taliban • Colonialism and Decolonialization • Colonialism: formal establishment of rule over a foreign population • Decolonialization: the process of a colony’s gaining (or regaining) control over its territory and establishing a separate independent government Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

43. The Colonial World in 1914 (Fig. 1.42) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

44. Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and Poverty • Economic development brings increased prosperity to individuals, regions, and nation-states • More- and Less-Developed Countries • Core-periphery model: U.S., Canada, western Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in the northern hemisphere, while most areas to the south make up a less-developed periphery • Indicators of Economic Development • Development: qualitative and quantitative measures indicating structural changes (getting “better”) • Growth: increase in the size of a system (getting bigger) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

45. Measuring Economic Wealth • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): value of all final goods and services produced within a country • Gross National Product (GNP): GDP plus the net income from abroad; but omits non-market economic activity (bartering, household work) • Gross National Income (GNI): the value of all final goods and services produced within a country plus net income from abroad • GNI per capita – obtained by dividing the GNI by a country’s population • Purchasing power parity (PPP): a comparable for a standard “market basket” of goods and services purchased with a local currency • Economic growth rate: annual rate of expansion for GNP Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

46. World Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita (Fig. 1.31) GNI Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

47. Indicators of Social Development • Life expectancy: average length of life expected at birth for a hypothetical male or female, as based on national death statistics • Mortality rate under 5 years: measure of the number of children who die per 1,000 persons • Infant mortality rate: # children per 1000 die before age 1. • Adult illiteracy rates: percentage of a society’s males and females who cannot read • Female labor force participation: percentage of a nation’s labor force that is female Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

48. Conclusion • Globalization is driving a fundamental reorganization of economies and cultures through trade agreements, supranational organizations, military alliances, and cultural exchanges • Discussion of each region includes 5 themes: • Environmental Geography • Population and Settlement • Cultural Coherence and Diversity • Geopolitical Framework • Economic and Social Development Geographies End of Chapter 1: Diversity and Globalization Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff