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Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life. Honors Biology Chapter 2. Matter. Anything that has mass and takes up space. Mass. Quantity of matter an object has NOT weight: the amount of force produced by gravity acting on mass. Elements. Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

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Chemistry of Life

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  1. Chemistry of Life Honors Biology Chapter 2

  2. Matter • Anything that has mass and takes up space

  3. Mass • Quantity of matter an object has • NOT weight: the amount of force produced by gravity acting on mass

  4. Elements • Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter • More than 100 types • Organized on the periodic table of elements

  5. Elements of Life • Approximately 27 are essential to life • 90% of mass of living things are O, C, H, N • Elements of Life: CHONPS • Remember the Elephants in the Element Song?

  6. Atom • Smallest unit of an element that retains all the properties of that element

  7. Nucleus • Central region of an atom • Contains the bulk of the mass of the atom • Consists of protons and neutrons

  8. Proton • Positively charged particle • Located in Nucleus • Mass approximately 1 AMU http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/fig2-I.gif http://images.thecarconnection.com/med/proton-logo_100378711_m.jpg

  9. Neutron • Neutral charged particle, No Charge • Located in Nucleus • Mass approximately 1 AMU http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/atom_neutron1.gif http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/atom_struct1.gif http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/c-atom_e1.gif

  10. Electron • Negatively charged particle • Orbits the nucleus in the electron cloud • Mass practically zero

  11. Orbitals • Electrons orbit in specific regions called orbitals- • 3D space higher probability location of orbital • Each orbital is associated with an energy level • Electrons in orbitals further from the nucleus have more energy

  12. Electron Orbitals & Energy Levels • Each orbital can hold 2 electrons • Each energy level consists of different #s of orbitals http://quantumnumbers.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/2/1/12213482/8009912_orig.jpeg

  13. Build an Atom

  14. Atomic Number • Number of protons in an atom • Determines type of element • Elements are organized by atomic number on the periodic table • Atomic Number for Carbon is 6

  15. Mass Number • Total number of Protons + Neutrons • Protons have mass of 1 amu • Neutrons have mass of 1 amu • Mass Number – Atomic Number = # of neutrons http://www.sawyerscience.com/assets/images/units/unit_2/atomic_Mass.jpg

  16. Mass Number http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DFx20P3q3fw/TciZDNxjLQI/AAAAAAAAACU/BsGwZgYExOM/s1600/isotopes.jpg http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/8320/He_Atom.png

  17. Isotopes • Atoms are stable with certain numbers of neutrons • Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called Isotopes

  18. Build an Atom

  19. Compounds • Made of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions • Chemical formula shows kinds and proportions of atoms • H2O - • C6H12O6 – • CO2- • CO - • O2- Compound?

  20. Molecule • Simplest part of a substance that retains all properties of that substance • Can exist in a free state • Can be very large- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (macromolecules) • H2O - • C6H12O6 – • CO2- • CO - • O2-

  21. Chemical Bonds • Attractive forces that hold atoms together • Covalent Bonds • Ionic Bonds • Hydrogen Bonds Stable Atom = Highest energy level filled

  22. Valence Electrons • Number of electrons in the highest energy level for that atom • Atoms are more stable when outer energy level is full (2 or 8 electrons depending on element)

  23. Dot Diagrams • Show the valence electrons on an atom • Hydrogen and helium only hold up to 2 valence electrons • Other elements (that we will look at) hold up to 8 valence electrons http://legacy.jyi.org/volumes/volume3/issue1/features/peterson.html http://webgenchem.com/lewishcn.gif

  24. Covalent Bond • Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/chemistry/chemistr.htm

  25. Ion • Some atoms only need to gain or lose 1 or 2 electrons to be stable • Ions- Forms of an atom that have gained or lost electrons • Fills the outer shell of electrons • If electrons are gained, Ion is NEGATIVE (ANION) • If electrons are lost, Ion is POSITIVE (CATION)

  26. Ion Example • Sodium and Chlorine

  27. Ionic Bonding • Atoms form ions and become positive or negative • Opposite charges attract

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