Unit 3 Vocabulary

1. Unit 3 Vocabulary • polysaccharide • Starch • Cellulose • lipid • fat • fatty acid • cholesterol • nucleic acid • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • protein • amino acid • polypeptide • poly- • mono- • di- • 20. catalyst • enzyme-substrate complex • randomness/disorder • photosynthesis • chlorophyll • cellular respiration • organic compound • inorganic compound • ATP • ADP • synthesize (synthesis) • decomposition • hydrolyze/hydrolysis • carbon cycle • matter • Energy • Subunit • carbohydrate • monosaccharide (simple sugar) • disaccharide • atom • element • electron • neutron • molecule • compound • ion • chemical bond • chemical reaction • pH scale • acid (H+ ion)/ acidic • base (OH- ion)/alkaline/basic • neutralize • buffer • buffering capacity • catalyst • enzyme • substrate • active site

2. Unit 3 Vocabulary • atom- the basic unit of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons • element- pure substance made of one type of atom; more than 100 types; arranged according to properties in the periodic table

3. Unit 3 Vocabulary • electron- negatively charged particle around the nucleus of an atom; has very little mass 4. neutron- neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom

4. Unit 3 Vocabulary • molecule- smallest unit of a compound; multiple atoms bonded together (Ex: O2, H2O) 6. compound- two or more elements bonded together (Ex: H2O, CO2, H2O2)

5. Unit 3 Vocabulary 7. ion- an atom with a positive or negative charge; # of e- does not equal # of protons (lost or gained e-)

6. Unit 3 Vocabulary • chemical bond- the forces that hold atoms to one another in molecules; represented by lines in models 9. chemical reaction- process that changes one set of chemicals into another (Ex: photosynthesis)

7. Unit 3 Vocabulary 10. pH scale- measure of H+ ions, acidity; ‘power of hydrogen’ 11. acid (H+ ion)/acidic- solution with lots of H+ ions (Ex: HCl) 12. base (OH- ion)/alkaline/basic- solution with los of OH- ions (Ex: NaOH)

8. Unit 3 Vocabulary 13. neutralize- combining an acid and a base to form water 14. buffer- any substance that resists a change in pH 15. buffering capacity- the ability to resist a change in pH

9. Unit 3 Vocabulary 16. catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction 17. enzyme- a biological catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions (Ex: catalase, lactase)

10. Unit 3 Vocabulary 18. substrate- molecule that is changed by the enzyme 19. active site- part of an enzyme that attracts and holds molecules that have the right shape 21. enzyme-substrate complex- when an enzyme is bound to an appropriate substrate and bonds are being broken and reformed

11. Unit 3 Vocabulary 22. randomness/disorder- the idea that non-livings are always moving to a state of randomness while living things, on the other hand, invest energy to create organization

12. Unit 3 Vocabulary • photosynthesis- process used by plants to create sugar using light energy • chlorophyll- the green pigment in plants that captures light in photosynthesis

13. Unit 3 Vocabulary • organic compound- compounds containing C and H; come from living things 27. inorganic compound- compounds that do not contain C and H; don’t come from living things

14. Unit 3 Vocabulary 28. ATP- adenosine triphosphate; important energy transfer compound in organisms 29. ADP- adenosine diphosphate; ATP that has had a phosphate removed to release energy Released Energy

15. Unit 3 Vocabulary 30. synthesize (synthesis)- combine or put together 31. decomposition- breaking down or taking apart

16. Unit 3 Vocabulary 32. hydrolyze/hydrolysis- the breaking of bonds by adding water (Ex: decomposing starch into glucose)

17. Unit 3 Vocabulary 33. carbon cycle- how carbon is exchanged through the environment; includes photosynthesis & cellular respiration

18. Unit 3 Vocabulary 34. matter- a physical substance that has mass and takes up space 35. energy- the ability to do work; stored in chemical bonds or found in light 36. subunit- a part of something (ex: a subunit of a polysaccharide is a monosaccharide)

19. Unit 3 Vocabulary 37. carbohydrate- a macromolecule that has H and O in the same ratio as water, as well as carbon; ‘hydrated carbons;’ (Ex: sugar, starch, cellulose, chitin)

20. Unit 3 Vocabulary 38. monosaccharide (simple sugar)- a single molecule of sugar 39. disaccharide- two linked sugars 40. polysaccharide- many linked sugars

21. Unit 3 Vocabulary 41. starch- complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants; long chain of sugars 42. cellulose- complex carbohydrate used as building material in plants; found in cell walls; long chain of sugars

22. Unit 3 Vocabulary 43. lipid- macromolecule that is mostly composed of C and H; includes fats, oils, wax 44. fat- lipid made up of fatty acids and glycerol; used for energy storage, cushioning, insulation 45. fatty acid- chain of linked carbons with many H bonds; component of lipids 46. cholesterol- a type of lipid made by animals; found in cell membranes

23. Unit 3 Vocabulary 47. nucleic acid- macromolecule that carries genetic material; basic unit is nucleotide 48. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- type of nucleic acid used in making proteins; has ribose sugar; single-stranded 49. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- inherited genetic material that contains instructions for life; has deoxyribose sugar; double-stranded

24. Unit 3 Vocabulary 50. protein- macromolecule made of amino acids; contains C, O, H and N; found in muscles; used for growth and repair 51. amino acid- unit of proteins; 20 types; linked together to form polypeptide chain 52. polypeptide- long chain of many linked amino acids; unfolded protein Protein Amino Acids Polypeptide

25. Unit 3 Vocabulary 53. poly- prefix meaning many; ex: polypeptide 54. mono- prefix meaning one; ex: monosaccharide 55. di- prefix meaning two; ex: disaccharide