SURVEYING

1. SURVEYING PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Visit for more Learning Resources BY S N NANAWARE

2. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLANE TABLE SURVEYING • Plane Tabling is a graphical method of surveying in which the field work and plotting are done simultaneously. • Useful to fill in details between stations fixed by triangulation or theodolite traversing. • Particularly adapted for small scale or medium scale mapping in which great accuracy in detail is not required. • The plane table consists essentially of: • A drawing board mounted on a tripod and • A straight edge called an alidade. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza

3. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza

4. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) THE DRAWING BOARD • Made of well-seasoned wood such as teak or pine. • Size varies from 40cm x 30cm x 75cm x 60cm or 50cm to 60 m square. • It is mounted on a tripod in such a manner that it can be leveled, and revolved about a vertical axis and clamped in any position. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza

5. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLAIN ALIDADE • Consists of a metal (brass or gunmetal) or boxwood straight edge or ruler about 50 cm long. • The beveled (ruling or working) edge of the alidade is called the fiducial edge. • It consists of two vanes at the ends, the vanes are hinged and can be folded when the alidade is not in use. • One of the sight vanes is provided with a narrow slit and the other with a central vertical wire or hair. • One of the vanes known as sight vaneis provided with a narrow slit with three holes, one at the top, one at the bottom and one in the middle. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza

6. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLAIN ALIDADE • The other vane which is known as object vane, is open and carried a hair or a fine thread or a thin wire stretched between the top and bottom of the slit. • With the help of the slit, a definite line of sight may be established parallel to the ruling edge of the alidade. • The length of the ruling edge should be equal to the smaller side of the plane table. • A plane alidade can be used only when the elevations of the of the objects are low. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza

7. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLAIN ALIDADE Sight Vane Object Vane Fiducial Edge NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

8. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLAIN ALIDADE • NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Muhammad Ammar NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

9. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) TELESCOPIC ALIDADE • The alidade which is fitted with a telescope is known as a telescopic alidade. • It is used to take inclined sights. • It increases the range and accuracy of the sights. • It consists of a small telescope with a level tube. • A graduated scale is mounted on the horizontal axis. • One side of the metal ruler is used as the working edge along which lines are drawn. • The angles of elevation or depression can be read on the vertical circle. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

10. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) TELESCOPIC ALIDADE • NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Muhammad Ammar NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

11. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) SPIRIT LEVEL • It consists of a small metal tube which contains a small bubble. • The spirit level may also be circular but its base must be flat so that it can be laid on the table. • The table is truly level when the bubble remains central all over the table. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

12. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) SPIRIT LEVEL NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

13. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) THE MAGNETIC COMPASS • A box compass consists of a magnetic needle pivoted at its centre freely. • It is used for orienting the plane table to magnetic north. • The edges of the box compass are straight and the bottom is perfectly flat. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

14. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) THE MAGNETIC COMPASS NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

15. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLUMBING FORK • The plumbing fork consists of a hair pin-shaped brass frame, having two equal arms. • One end has a pointer while a plumb bob is attached the other end. • It is used in large scale survey for accurate centering of the station location on the table over its ground position. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

16. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLUMBING FORK • It is also used for transferring the location of the instrument station on the sheet on to the ground. • The fork is placed with its upper arm lying on the top of the table and the lower arm below it. The table is said to be centered when the plumb bob hangs freely over ground mark. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

17. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) PLUMBING FORK Plumbing Fork NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

18. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ADVANTAGES OF PLANE TABLING • It is most suitable for preparing small-scale maps. • It is most rapid. • The field book is not necessary as plotting is done in the field concurrently with the field work, and hence the mistakes in booking the field notes are avoided. • The surveyor can compare the plotted work with the actual features of the area surveyed and thus can ascertain if it represents them properly. • It is particularly advantageous in magnetic areas where compass survey is not reliable. • It is less costly than a theodolite survey. • No great skill is required to prepare a satisfactory map. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

19. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) DISADVANTAGES OF PLANE TABLING • It is not suitable for work in a wet climate. • It is heavy, cumbersome and awkward to carry. • There are several accessories to be carried, and, therefore, they are likely to be lost. • It is not intended for accurate work. • If the survey is to be re-plotted to a different scale or quantities are to be computed, it is a great inconvenience in absence of the field notes. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

20. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) SETTING UP THE PLANE TABLE • The table should be set up at a convenient height. (say about 1m). The legs of the tripod should be spread well apart, and firmly fixed into the ground. • The table should be so placed over the station on the ground that the point plotted on the sheet corresponding to the station occupied should be exactly over the station on the ground. This operation is known as the centering of the table. This may be done using a plumbing fork or U frame. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

21. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) SETTING UP THE PLANE TABLE • In this operation, the table top is made truly horizontal. For rough and small scale work, leveling can be done by eye estimation whereas for accurate and large scale work, leveling achieved with an ordinary spirit level. The leveling is specially important in hilly terrain where some of the control points are situated at higher level and some other at lower level. The disleveling of the plane table, throws the location of the point considerably out of its true location. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

22. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ORIENTING THE PLANE TABLE • The operation of keeping the table at each of the successive stations parallel to the position which it occupied at the first station is known as orientation. It is necessary when the instrument has to be set up at more than one station. There are two methods of orienting the table: • Orientation by the Magnetic Needle • Orientation by Backsighting NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

23. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ORIENTING BY MAGNETIC NEEDLE • This method is used when it is not possible to bisect the previous station from the new station. This method is not much reliable and prone to errors due to variations of magnetic field. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

24. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ORIENTING BY BACKSIGHTING • In this method the table is orientated by back sighting through the ray which is drawn from the previous station. This is the most accurate and reliable method of orientation of plane table. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

25. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) METHODS OF PLANE TABLING • There are four methods of surveying with the • plane table: • Radiation Method • Intersection Method • Traversing Method • Resection Method NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

26. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) RADIATION METHOD • In this method the objects are located by radiating lines from the point, and measuring the distance with chain or tape with suitable scale. It is chiefly used for locating the details from the station, which have been established previously by other methods triangulation, or traversing. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

27. B C b c d P A a e f E F RADIATION METHOD D NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

28. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) INTERSECTION METHOD • In this method the point is fixed on the plane by the intersection of the rays drawn from the two instrument stations. The line joining the stations is called Base line. The method requires only the linear measurements of this line. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

29. INTERSECTION METHOD A C B c b a BASE LINE p q f d e P Q F D E NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

30. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) TRAVERSING METHOD • This is similar to that of Compass Survey or Transit Traversing. It is used for running survey lines between stations, which have been previously fixed by other methods of survey, to locate the topographic details. It is also suitable for the survey of roads, rivers, etc. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

31. TRAVERSING METHOD A a B a b e a E b d c a b a b c d c D C NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

32. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) RESECTION METHOD • This method is used for establishing the instrument stations only. After fixing the stations, details are located either by radiation or intersection. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

33. RESECTION METHOD B b a c c a C A NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

34. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ERRORS IN PLANE TABLING • Following precautionary measures should be taken while performing field work: • The table must be accurately oriented once the table is shifted. • The alidade should be correctly centred on the station point on paper. • The expansion and contraction of paper should be taken care off. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

35. SURVEYING – I(CE- 128) ERRORS IN PLANE TABLING • The table should accurately centred. • The rays should be accurately drawn through the station points. • Table should be sufficiently clamped. • The board should be horizontal. • The objects should be accurately sighted. NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed RasheedMirza For more detail contact us