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Standards for quality of cultural websites

Explore the importance of quality in cultural websites and the various factors that contribute to it, such as easy perception, user experience, and interoperability. Learn about the role of standards in ensuring quality and the benefits they provide in terms of compatibility, adaptability, and easier maintenance.

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Standards for quality of cultural websites

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  1. Ministerial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation Standards for quality of cultural websites

  2. Quality: what is it? • Easy perception • Difficult to measure • Metrics • User experience • Usability • Maintanability • ...

  3. Quality factors • Transparency (easily identifiable) • Portability (adaptable, light) • Interoperability • Data structuring

  4. Interoperability (technological) • Interoperability is: • applications can exchange data and services in a consistent and effective way • facing different hardware and software platforms • ... • .. a key success factor ... • Some advantages: • saving of investments (cope with hw/sw evolution) • enlarging the market (compatibility with other vendors solutions) • Is a real quality issue • The key point: a consistent framework/technology

  5. Interoperability (semantic) • Web for Everyone: access to everyone, overcoming differences in culture, language, education, ability, material resources, and physical limitations of users on all continents • Consider "cultural barriers" • A message is: • Content: the true content of the message, the originator wants to communicate; • Structure: the way the information is organized (e.g. title, author, body, signature) • Presentation: the way the information is presented to the user (fonts, colours, page layout, etc.) • Semantic interoperability is a must

  6. Standards • A quality code conforms to Formal grammars defined for the Web • Conform to W3C Recommendations • Technologies defined by W3C Members (the whole technical Web community)

  7. Some standards • HTML • XML • XHTML • XSLT • WCAG • CSS • RDF • OWL • …

  8. Compatibility • “This site is best seen using …” • In the future, heavy site maintenance will be needed • New devices can access the Web • Old documents can be seen with new browsers • New documents can be seen with old browsers • Let us see some examples of different presentation of the same information (CSS)

  9. Restrictions? • NO! • Using web standards: • Doesn’t limit your imagination or creativity • Gives several important advantages • Compatibility • Lighter documents • Adaptable documents • Easier maintenance

  10. Separing content and presentation(1)

  11. Separing content and presentation(2)

  12. Separing content and presentation(3)

  13. Separing content and presentation(4)

  14. Separing content and presentation(5)

  15. Separing content and presentation(6)

  16. Information Integration • Standard vocabularies • definition difficult and time consuming • once defined, standards don't adapt well • people don't implement standards correctly anyway • Common schema • in principle the simplest way • different schemas, different cultural traditions • failure! • Metadata level • a typical example: Dublin Core • the number of metadata vocabularies will continue to grow (M. Doerr) • doubtful metadata vocabularies can exploit the full richness of possible associations

  17. Metadata vs ontology • A base for understanding • Core metadata • intended for integration • created, edited, viewed by humans • human factors play a primary role • Core ontology • underlying formal model for tools that integrate source data and perform a variety of extended functions • higher levels of complexity are tolerable • completeness and logical correctness are the driving forces • base for deriving knowledge

  18. What is an ontology? • An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation. A 'conceptualisation' refers to an abstract model of some phenomenon in the world by having identified the relevant concepts of that phenomenon. 'Explicit' means that the type of concepts used, and the constraints on their use are explicitly defined. For example, in medical domains, the concepts are diseases and symptoms, the relations between them are causal and a constraint is that a disease cannot cause itself. 'Formal' refers to the fact that the ontology should be machine readable, which excludes natural language. 'Shared' reflects the notion that an ontology captures consensual knowledge, that is, it is not private to some individual, but accepted by a group.

  19. Levels of knowledge representation • The degree of formalization of concepts and their relations varies considerably between various domains of knowledge • Lower end • lexicons and simple taxonomies (ordered classification system where terms are related hierarchically) • example: Iconclass • Middle level • thesauri (controlled vocabularies that are structured to show relationships between terms and concepts, and, for example, allow for retrieving them from a database) • example: Art & Architecture Thesaurus ( AAT) • High end • axiomatised logic theories, which include rules to ensure the well-formedness and logical validity of statements expressed in the language of the scientific discipline • example: CIDOC object-oriented Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM)

  20. The Semantic Web • A metadata based infrastructure for reasoning on the Web

  21. Semantic Web Technologies • RDF • basis for coding, exchanging and reusing structured metadata • allows interoperability among applications exchanging machine-understandable information on the web • OWL is a Web Ontologies Language to define: • the terminology used in a specific context • more constraints on properties • the logical characteristics of properties • the equivalence of terms across ontologies • etc.

  22. Thank you for your attention! • Questions? • References • http://www.minervaeurope.org • http://www.minervaeurope.org/MEDCULT/home.html • http://www.w3c.it/events/minerva20040706/ • Oreste Signore • oreste.signore@isti.cnr.it

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