Human Development

1. Human Development Infancy to childhood Chapter 10

2. Development • Developmental Psychology- study how people grow and change through out life span • This includes • physical (body) development, • social (friendships) development, • cognitive (brains) development

3. Child Development • Maturation- Automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals. • Roll, sit , crawl , stand ,walk = genetic timetable • Critical Period- stage of development which person is best suited to learn a skill or behavior • Behaviorists believe babies born with a blank slate and environment affects behavior Stages versus Continuity • Argument that Development like • stairs with on distinct stage or • a slow merging of all stages unnoticed

4. Infants : Birth- Age 2 • Physical Development • Height, weight, • Cognitive Development • Motor development- Reflexes, crawling • Social Development • Contact Comfort -Babies are comforted by being held and respond to mother’s voice • Self esteem begins early in life. • Self esteem - is the value or worth that people attach to themselves. • Gives people the confidence to know they can overcome difficulties • Children who know that they are good at something usually have a higher self-esteem

5. Infants • Attachment- infants develop a specific attachment with their mothers and will cry when mothers are not present • Infants who do not receive adequate contact comfort may develop what is called “failure to thrive” a medical condition which an infant does not gain enough weight and fail to develop normally. • The first year in life is the most important time period to establish attachment to the mother • Secure children tend to be more happy, friendly, and more cooperative with parents and teachers. • Research shows that children fare better if parents are warm and friendly with them • They are more likely to develop a sense of moral goodness and responsibility • Children from cold parents are more interested in escaping punishment than in doing the right thing.

6. Parenting Style

7. Cognitive Development • Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed that children’s thinking developed in a sequence of stages • Some may be advanced but all children developed in the same sequence • Sensori-motor stage • Preoperational stage • Concrete-Operational stage • Formal-Operational stage

8. Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor stage-babies learn to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity (Birth- 2 years). • Children 3-4 months old are fascinated with their own hands and legs. • Babies 4-8 months infants are exploring cause and effect relationships • hit mobiles above head and they move. • Around 10 months infants figure out object permanence-understand object exists when it can’t be seen or touched. • Objects permanence occurs because infants are able to hold an idea in mind.

9. Examples • Infants that are two or three months are fascinated by their arms and legs • They also like watching their fist open and close. • 10-month child would search for a teddy bear that was hidden behind a screen • Infants understand when things are taken away that they still exist

11. Childhood (Age 2- 6) • Preoperational Stage- (2-7 years ) children begin to use words to represent objects. • children in this stage do not yet understand • concrete logic • cannot mentally manipulate information • unable to take the point of view of other people • A period of egocentrism- inability to see another person’s point of view • The world exists to meet their needs (ex. sit in front of TV). • using symbols as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending.

12. Concrete Operational Stage • Concrete Operational Stage(7-11 years) logical only when think about specific objects, they can’t grasp abstract ideas • Many teachers use hands on activities, seeing and touching help them understand abstract concepts. • understanding of reversibility, or awareness that actions can be reversed. • Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle (talking to strangers) • Have difficulty using deductive logic, • which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event.

13. Formal Operational Stage • Formal Operational Stage –(age 12-25years) begins in puberty • ideas can be compared just a s objects, • use reason and logic to solve problems, • capable in dealing with a hypothetical situations, think ahead. • children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. • Long-term planning. • In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error to solve problems. • During the formal operational stage, the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges.

14. A= Sensorimotor C= Concrete OperationalB= Pre operational D= Formal Operational ___ Conservation ___ Moral Judgement ___ Abstract Thinking ___ Object Permanence ___ Reversibility ___

15. Kohlberg's Stages -Moral Development • A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a pharmacist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the pharmacist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick women’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow money, but he could only raise about $1,000- half the amount he needed. He told the pharmacist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the pharmacist rejected the man’s plea saying that he had discovered the drug and intended to make money from it. Heinz became desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. • Was Heinz right in stealing the drug?

16. Kohlberg's Stages Moral Development • Preconventional moral reasoning-Judgement is based on consequences of behavior- ( age 9) • Stage 1- Avoid Punishment (Hienz wrong = punishment) • Stage 2- Satisfy Needs (Heinz Right) • Conventional moral reasoning- if act conforms to standards of right and wrong judged by society(Age 13-16) • Stage 3- Winning Approval from other people (Both right and Wrong) • Stage 4- Law and Order (Wrong) • Postconventional moral reasoning- judgments based on ones own personal views. • Stage 5- Social Order- personal values (right- due to circumstances) • Stage 6- Universal Ethics- morality of individual conscience (right – values of justice)

17. Kohlberg's Stages Moral Development

18. Eric Erickson’s Stages of Psychological Development

19. Eric Erickson’s Stages of Psychological Development

20. Chapter 11- Adolescence • Early adolescence Age 11-14 • Middle adolescence ages 15-18 • Late adolescence ages 18-21

21. Physical development • Growth spurt-lasts two to three years • Girls usually begin spurt 2 years earlier than boys • Puberty changes in body that lead to the ability to reproduce. • In Males- more hormones produced testosterone, develop broader shoulders deeper voice more muscle tissue and other things • In Females -Hormones produce estrogen, hips become wider and other things • Different maturation rates • In boys seen as a good thing strength and popularity • In girls a negative thing awkwardness

22. Social Development • Relationships with parents changes and difficult • Striving for greater freedom, spend less time with family. • Parents and children usually share similar social, political, religious, and economic views. • Relationships with peers • Peers become more important with influence and emotional support. (Talking on phone or computers) • Adolescence usually choose friends who are similar in age, same sex, background, educational goals, and attitudes towards drinking and drug use • Share secrets and personal feelings (support)

23. Challenges for Adolescence • Gender Roles-Should women get a job? What should men do? • Ethnicity identity formation-Cultural values vs. ethnic values • Sexuality- when to show sexual feelings • Bodies are saying go ahead • Parents and teachers say no, wait. • Teenage pregnancy is very difficult for mothers to complete education and to achieve personal goals and give the child the support and attachment that it needs. • This is a very stressful time in life (trying to figure life out)

24. Challenges for Adolescence • Anorexia nervosa-self starvation and a distorted body image • Bulimia- binging or compulsive overeating followed by purging • Substance abuse- seen as enjoyable and to earn respect from peers, others try to escape from the emotional stress • Alcohol accidents are the leading cause of death among teens • These provide temporary relief from stress but usually lead to additional problems • (motivational problem- lead to success problems – lead to more substance problems) • If you or know a friend who has a problem SEEK HELP!! See parents, teachers, or a counselor solve the problem now before it becomes more difficult to solve. There is treatment.

25. Chapter 12- Adulthood • Young adulthood ages 20-40 physically and mentally at their strongest point • Changes in relationships with parents tend to improve • Adults are independent and take responsibility for themselves • In 20’s adults choose a course of life that is right for them • Find Personal stability begin to settle down with who you are • Marriage may enter the picture • Teen age marriage suffer high divorce rates because personal life is not stable yet

26. In 30’s re-evaluate if course is still right • Why am I doing this? • Where is my life going? • Continue stabilizing life

27. Middle Adulthood • Age 40-60 lose strength stamina, and coordination • Some begin fitness programs to stay in shape • Exercise an important influence on the world (improve relationships, parenting, voting, and help within their communities) • Do this to avoid stagnation emptiness and meaningless lives • Mid-life crisis- reassess life, see younger people advancing quickly, children no longer need them feel as if they lost purpose in life fall into a depression • Need to find a new outlet for their talents and experiences (Age mastery) • How has Will Smith decided to avoid a crisis?

28. Late Adulthood • Age 65 People are living longer than ever • Retirement- some see as exciting others approach with anxiety • Wrinkles in skin • Senses decline • Regular exercise can make adults feel well and fight disease • some experience memory loss • Majority of people have no serious decline in intellectual skills