The Road to Revolution

1. The Road to Revolution PART I 1700-63 EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA THANKS TO SUSAN POJER FOR POWERPOINT THEME

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: • WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION? • TO WHAT EXTENT HAD AN AMERICAN IDENTITY FORMED BY THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION, AND WHY?

3. 1689 – 1763: SALUTARY NEGLECT • BRITAIN LET COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES RUN THE COLONIES • ROYAL GOVERNORS RETAINED POWER TO VETO ACTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES – BUT DIDN’T. • NO ENFORCEMENT OF NAVIGATION ACTS

4. IMPERIAL WARS • COMPETING EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO AMERICAS  WARS IN EUROPE HAVE AMERICAN THEATERS • SEE THE CHART ON P. 102 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK – KNOW THE DATES, AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN NAMES OF THE WARS – BUT KING GEORGE’S WAR AND THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR ARE THE IMPORTANT ONES (F & I MUCH MORE IMPORTANT!)

6. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE WARS: • ALL PART OF SERIES OF WAR ENGLAND V. FRANCE SINCE 1066 -- NOW FIGHTING OVER AMERICA • OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS FIRST CLAIMED BY FRANCE • ILLINOIS TERRITORY – BREADBASKET – MAJOR GRAIN EXPORTS TO EUROPE VIA MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND NEW ORLEANS • BUT FRANCE HAD FEW SETTLERS IN NORTH AMERICA

7. BRITISH, IN CONTRAST – HIGH IMMIGRATION, BREEDING LIKE RABBITS IN NORTHERN COLONIES  • NEEDED MORE AND MORE LAND, MOVED ONTO FRONTIER W/ NEW FRANCE AND INTO NEW FRANCE • BRITISH COLONISTS WERE FIGHTING FOR LAND IN THESE WARS – BRITAIN WAS FIGHTING FOR IMPERIAL REASONS AND AGAINST FRANCE

8. ALL ARE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS (THOUGH ONLY THE SEVEN YEAR’S WAR IS CALLED “THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR) • BRITISH AND THEIR INDIAN ALLIES (GENERALLY IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION AND MOHEGANS) FOUGHT FRENCH AND THEIR INDIAN ALLIES (GENERALLY OTHER ALGONQUIANS) • (N.B. – ALGONQUIAN AND IROQUOIS ARE LANGUAGE GROUPS, NOT TRIBES. MOHEGANS WERE ALGONQUIANS)

9. LEFT = ALGONQUIAN TRIBES, RIGHT = IROQUOIS TRIBES – SHOULD BE OBVIOUS TO YOU WHY THEIR WAS AN IROQUOIS LEAGUE EVEN BEFORE EUROPEANS ARRIVED, AND WHY THEY EACH SIDED WITH EUROPEANS AGAINST THE OTHER!

10. IROQUOIS TRADING WITH ENGLISH, 1722. BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE ALMOST AS CONCERNED ABOUT THEIR TRADE WITH INDIANS AS WITH OWNING TURF

11. TIMELINE OF THE IMPERIAL / AMERICAN WARS

12. KING GEORGE’S WAR (AKA WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION) – 1740 – 48 • 1745 – COLONIAL MILITIA & BRITISH NAVY CAPTURE FORT LOUISBOURG  ACADIA ourg • STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE: 1) MAJOR FRENCH FORT RIGHT ABOVE NEW ENGLAND & BELOW ACADIA; 2) CONTROLS ACCESS TO ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

13. PETER MOMANY, THE CAPTURE OF LOUISBOURG • IN TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1748), BRITAIN GAVE LOUISBOURG BACK TO FRENCH • NEW ENGLAND COLONISTS OUTRAGED!

14. The FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (AKA SEVEN YEARS’ WAR) 1754 – 1763 (1756 – 1763) !

15. EUROPEAN CLAIMS AND FRENCH FORTS AT BEGINNING OF WAR NOTE FRENCH FORTS ALL ALONG BORDER – TO KEEP BRITISH OUT OF TERRITORY AND OF TRADE WITH INDIANS

16. 1754 -- WAR BEGAN IN AMERICA -- GEORGE WASHINGTON STARTED IT! • OHIO COMPANY (OWNED BY RICH VIRGINIANS) CLAIMED 500,000 ACRES IN UPPER OHIO VALLEY (NOW EASTERN OHIO/WESTERN PA.) – IN FRENCH TERRITORY • APRIL 1754 – VA. GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE APPOINTED WASHINGTON (A SURVEYOR) LIEUTENANT OF MILITIA TO BUILD FORT AT “FORKS OF THE OHIO” NEAR FRENCH FORT DUQUESNE (NOW PITTSBURG, PA.) – LATER HE BECOMES COLONEL WHEN COMMANDER DIES

17. WASHINGTON’S 1753 MAP OF FORKS OF THE OHIO, WITH HIS NOTES ON FRENCH INTENTIONS

18. MAY 1754 – WASHINGTON AND HIS MEN WIN INITIAL BATTLE, ESTABLISH FORT NECESSITY The Ohio Valley French British Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

19. AFTER THAT INITIAL VICTORY, WASHINGTON WROTE: • “I HEARD THE BULLETS WHISTLE, AND BELIEVE ME, THERE IS SOMETHING CHARMING IN THE SOUND.” YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON • LESS CHARMING ON JULY 4, 1754 – FRENCH REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVED, WASHINGTON SURRENDERED

20. JUNE – JULY 1754 – ALBANY CONGRESS MURAL IN U.S. CAPITOL

21. BRITAIN SUMMONED INTER-COLONIAL CONGRESS TO ALBANY TO DISCUSS DEFENSE AGAINST FRENCH AND INDIANS • ONLY 7 COLONIES SENT DELEGATES: NEW ENGLAND, NY, MD, PA • EARLIEST MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL/STATE SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE THE WILL LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR • BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DRAFTED PLAN OF UNION

22. BEN FRANKLIN – AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHER, POLYMATH, “FOUNDING FATHER” HIS CARTOON FOR ALBANY PLAN – 1ST AMERICAN POLITICAL CARTOON

23. THE CONGRESS APPROVED FRANKLIN’S PLAN – BUT MAJORITY OF COLONIES DIDN’T (NEITHER DID COLONIAL OFFICE IN ENGLAND • IT CALLED FOR PAN-COLONIAL PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS – TOO “INDEPENDENT” FOR BRITAIN TO APPROVE • COLONIAL REJECTION SHOWS MOST IN COLONIES NOT READY FOR UNION – BUT THE ALBANY PLAN IS A PRECEDENT FOR THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, AND LATER, THE CONSTITUTION

24. 9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution. 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian nations. 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. … 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies… 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… “[the President]… shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed…” “[the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…” “[Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…” “[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…” “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…” From the Albany Plan of Union (1754) From the Constitution (1787)

25. 1755 – BRITISH EXPELLED FRENCH SETTLERS FROM ACADIA (FEARED FIFTH COLUMN AT BORDER) CONTEMPORANEOUS DRAWING OF THE “PLUNDERING AND BURNING” OF A FRENCH VILLAGE IN ACADIA

26. BRITAIN DISPERSED THE ACADIAN DEPORTEES THROUGHOUT THE 13 COLONIES • SOME FLED TO LOUISIANA  CAJUNS • (LONGFELLOW’S POEM “EVANGELINE” TELLS THE STORY OF THE DEPORTATION) 19TH C. PAINTING OF EXPULSION ORDER BEING READ IN CHURCH IN ACADIA

27. 1755 – BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT • BRITISH DECIDE TO EXPEL FRENCH FROM OHIO VALLEY • BRITISH GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK + 1300 TROOPS (MOSTLY BRITISH REGULARS + SOME COLONISTS INCLUDING GEORGE WASHINGTON SET OUT TO ATTACK FT. DUQUESNE • AMBUSHED BY FRENCH AND INDIAN GUERILLA FORCES 10 MILES FROM FORT

28. 500 BRITISH TROOPS INCLUDING BRADDOCK KILLED, > 400 WOUNDED • (DEATH OF BRADDOCK, RIGHT WASHINGTON DISGUSTED THAT BRADDOCK EXPECTED EUROPEAN PITCHED BATTLE IN AMERICA!

29. British-American Tensions COLONISTS BRITISH Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No military deference or protocols observed. • Drills, toughdiscipline, rigid protocol. Non-professional, often rough frontiersmen Demeanor: • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. SLIDE BY TONY MILLER

30. FOR NEXT TWO YEARS, MORE OF THE SAME – FRENCH AND INDIAN FIGHTERS OVERWHELM BRITISH REGULARS – GREATLY INCREASING RESENTMENTS OF COLONIAL TROOPS! • 1756 – WAR FORMALLY DECLARED IN EUROPE. BRITAIN APPOINTS LORD LOUDON COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF IN AMERICA. • HE’S UNPOPULAR BECAUSE HE KEEPS LOSING • FRENCH COMMANDER = LOUIS-JOSEPH DE MONTCALM

31. WAR FOUGHT MOSTLY IN AREA SHOWN IROQUOIS COOL TO BRITISH AT FIRST, “FLIRT” WITH AND SOMETIMES HELP FRENCH – WHY? THEY KNOW THE BRITISH WILL SETTLE ON LAND THEY TAKE, PROBABLY PUSH INDIANS OUT

32. 1757 – the tipping point • WILLIAM PITT (ELDER, L) BECAME PRIME MINISTER • DETERMINED TO EXPEL FRENCH FROM N. AMERICA – REPLACES LOUDON W/ JEFFREY AMHERST • STRATEGY: • BUY COLONIAL COOPERATION – MASSIVE INFUSIONS OF CASH STIMULATE ECONOMY • BUY INDIAN SUPPORT WITH PROMISE OF FIXED BOUNDARIES

33. UNDERMINING FRANCE: TREATY OF EASTON (1758) • BRITAIN PROMISED IROQUOIS TO STOP SETTLEMENTS WEST OF ALLEGHENIES (APPALLACHIANS IN PA.) • IROQUOIS FIRMLY ON BRITISH SIDE  SEALS FATE OF FRANCE • FRANCE ABANDONED FT. DUQUESNE, 1758

34. JUNE 1759 – BRITISH CONQUER FT. TICONDEROGA (UPSTATE N.Y., NEAR ADIRONDACKS FT. TICONDEROGA (BUILT 1755 BY FRENCH) – WILL BE SIGNIFICANT WHEN REVOLUTION BEGINS!

35. DECISIVE BATTLE – 1759 BATTLE OF PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (QUEBEC) BRITISH AND COLONIAL FORCES UNDER MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE WOLFE CAME UP ST. LAWRENCE R., CLIMBED BLUFFS TO “PLAINS” OWNED BY FARMER ABRAHAM MARTIN

36. BRITISH DEFEATED FRENCH UNDER MONTCALM, TOOK QUEBEC • BOTH WOLFE (L) AND MONTCALM (R) WERE KILLED BENJAMIN WEST, THE DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE

37. BY 1760, DETROIT AND MONTREAL HAD FALLEN – MAJOR FIGHTING IN AMERICA WAS OVER • 1763 (FEB.) – TREATY OF PARIS FORMALLY ENDS WAR IN AMERICA

39. APRIL 1763 – PONTIAC’S REBELLION/ WAR BEGINS • REBELLION AGAINST BRITISH BY TRIBES IN GREAT LAKES REGION (ESP. V. GENERAL AMHERST)

40. “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. … When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. … Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.” Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)

41. The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766. • Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British. • General Jeffrey Amherst gave the INDIANS blankets infested with smallpox. AMHERST, L. PONTIAC. R. WHITE GUY GETS NICE PORTRAIT

42. ROYAL PROCLAMATION OF 1763: NO BRITISH SETTLEMENT WEST OF APPALACHIANS • REACTION TO PONTIAC’S REBELLION – JUST TOO EXPENSIVE TO DEFEND COLONISTS ON FRONTIER! • A SLAP IN THE FACE TO COLONISTS WHO THOUGHT THEY WERE FIGHTING FOR RIGHT TO SETTLE THERE!

43. WHY? TREATY OF EASTON • AND – IT WOULD HAVE COST TOO MUCH TO SEND TROOPS TO DEFEND AREA FROM SPAIN & INDIANS • FLORIDA FACT – SPAIN SIDED W/ FRANCE SO BRITAIN GOT FLORIDA (FOR A WHILE)

44. Effects of the War on the American Colonials: • AMERICAN IDENTITY COALESCING: • COLONISTS UNITED AGAINST A COMMON ENEMY FOR FIRST TIME • SAW THEMSELVES AS DIFFERENT FROM BRITISH (MUCH RESENTMENT OF BRITISH REGULARS, THEN OF PROCLAMATION OF 1963) • ON THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION: WAR CREATED BITTER RESENTMENT AGAINST BRITAIN THAT WOULD ONLY INTENSIFY BECAUSE . . .

45. WAR LED BRITAIN TO END “SALUTARY NEGLECT” • BRITAIN LEFT WITH LARGE WAR DEBT – MAJORITY IN PARLIAMENT THINK COLONISTS SHOULD PAY FOR WAR “IN THEIR DEFENSE” • OLD IMPERIAL MEASURES WOULD BE ENFORCED, NEW ONES ENACTED • BUT NOW PURPOSE WASN’T TO REGULATE TRADE – IT WAS TO RAISE $$$ • ALMOST NO “RIGHT OF ENGLISHMEN” IS MORE DEAR THAN “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!”