Welcome to the City of Ogallala Risk Analysis Meeting

1. Welcome to the City of Ogallala Risk Analysis Meeting May 2, 2013

2. What Happened in Ogallala? • Residents began complaining about mental confusion, and eye, skin, and respiratory irritation • Some residents have also reported odd-looking fish from Humphries Pond • Unidentified crystal residues seen in the town have been analyzed and found to be cyanazine • Residents have reported that they witnessed three teenagers take a truck belonging to Keith Backlash on a joy ride • Keith Backlash owns Red Storm Pest Control Company • That truck is used to spray pesticide and was loaded with cyanazine • As the teenagers drove around, they sprayed cyanazine • A container fell off the truck and into Humphries Pond • Container filled with cyanazine as well

3. Risk Assessment • Risk Assessment is a process used to determine the nature and magnitude of human and environmental health risk to exposure of a chemical or any other substance • Aims to identify nature and probability of adverse health effects on humans Risk Characterization Risk Management

4. Structural Activity Relationship • Baldex, Fortol, Payze • C9H13CIN6 • Synthetic chemical used as a herbicide in agricultural crops • Registered for use on corn, cottonseed, sorghum, and wheat • Categorized as part of the triazine family of herbicides • White crystals at 25 oC • NOEL (No Observable Effect Level): 1.25 mg/Kg/day • ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): 0.0013 mg/Kg/day • Cyanazine is structurally related to the compounds Simazine, Atrazine, Propazine and Terbutryn

6. In Vitro Studies • Study 1: • 23 pesticide tested in aquatic environment • Concentration in accordance to the expected environmental concentrations • Tested on 4 species of algae, species of cyanobacteria and one species of duck weed • Cyanazine had a high hazard to all test species • Study 2 • 2-30mL was taken from 4 healthy non-smoking adults not on any medication • Leukocyte rich plasma was obtained after blood has settled • Exposed to cyanazine (1ug/mL, 0.1ug/mL, and 0.01ug/mL) • Shows that 1ug/mL was enough to cause chromosomal damage

7. Animal Bioassays • Study 1:Rat -GABAA receptor located in the hypothalamus -Hypothalamus resposible for: -LH and GnRH • Atrazine: • testosterone/LH/GnRH • Inhibition of GnRH release of hormones: • Alters reproduction and growth • Study 2:Rainbow fish • Age of onset of functional liver metabolism rainbowfish • Two known major pathways: • oxidation in the liver toxic metabolite and glutathione conjugation • Study 3: Maternal Toxicity in rat pups and rabbits • Malformations: • eye-defects (microphthalmia) and thoracoschisis along with microphthalmia • correlation of fetal development and the occurrence of maternotoxic signs

8. Epidemiological Studies • 1st Study: cyanazine • Cohort study: cancer incidence • 57,311 pesticide applicators evaluated • Exposure details: questionnaire • Pesticide applicators had ≥ 6 years of exposure • Results: no clear correlation • 2nd Study: triazine • Ecologic study: breast cancer • Exposure details: state registry • Created a summary index of triazine exposure • Results: increase in breast cancer

9. Cyanazine

10. Atrazine

11. Toxicological Effects Cyanazine :moderately toxic to mammals • Symptoms: • labored breathing • blood present in saliva • depression, and inactivity. • mild irritant (slight toxicity via inhalation) • Long term exposure • decreased body weight and an increase in liver weight. • Teratogenic effects (birth defects) • increased brain weights • decreased kidney weights • incomplete bone development • underdeveloped eyeballs.

12. Dose Exposure

13. Fish Ingestion

14. Spraying Truck

15. Air Concentration of Cyanazine

16. 500m >13.14mg/m3 18m >140.6mg/m3

17. Soil Concentration & Exposure of Cyanazine

18. Risk Characterization- Fish Exposure

19. Risk Characterization: Inhalational Exposure

20. Risk Characterization - Ingestion

21. Risk Characterization- Dermal Human equivalent LD50 found in rats = >194.59mg/kg No Observed Adverse Effect Level= 2.0mg/kg/day Direct Dermal Contact Air Dermal Contact 18 meters away 0.00175mg/hr 540 meters away 0.00016mg/hr Soil-Dermal Contact (from air contamination) 18 meters away adult: 1.47x10-4mg/hr 18 meters away child: 4.9x10-5mg/hr 540 meters away adult 1.38x10-5mg/hr 540 meters away child: 4.8x10-6mg/hr • Swimming in Humphreys Pond • Adult male: 0.143mg/kg/day • Adult Female: 0.151mg/kg/day • Male child: 0.235mg/kg/day • Female Child: 0.230mg/kg/day • Soil-Hand contact near Humphrey’s Pond • Adult: 0.004mg/hr • Child: 0.0014mg/hr • Soil-Hand Contact near the Best Western Stagecoach and the Mansion on the Hill • Adult: 7.7x10-5mg/hr • Child: 2.6x10-5mg/hr

22. Risk Characterization- Dermal • Conclusions: • LD50 • No severe toxicity or lethality should be observed. • All dermal exposure values are significantly less than the human equivalent LD50 dose in rats (>194.59mg/kg) • NOAEL • No adverse effects should be seen • All dermal exposure values are less than the human equivalent NOAEL dose in rats (2.0mg/kg/day) • Therefore, dermal exposure to the cyanazine levels to the public is not of grave concern • However, protect yourself for the time being, do not swim in Humphrey’s pond and wear gloves when working with soil

24. RM Regulatory Actions • Stricter • Labeling regulations • storage regulations

25. Contaminated Sites

27. Remediation Actions • Humphrey’s Pond • Surface soil removal/cleansing • Phytoremediation • Excavation • Water Filtration • Covalent sequestration • A & W (Fairgrounds) • Best Western Stagecoach Inn • Mansion on the Hill • Surface soil removal • Highway 30 • Street cleaning

28. Resources for Ogallalians • 1-888-OGALLAL (642-5525) • Voice concerns • white powder substance findings • Signs & symptoms • http://ogallalatox.wordpress.com/ • Blog with updates on Ogallala incident • Mobile command units near each contamination site • Immediate assistance