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Stellar Formation

Stellar Formation. Birkeland Currents Magnetic Pinch Marklund Convection Double Plasma Focus. Cosmic Birkeland Currents. Stars and galaxies form on filaments of plasma called Birkeland currents. How? Via Marklund convection, the magnetic pinch, and the plasma focus mechanism.

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Stellar Formation

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  1. Stellar Formation Birkeland Currents Magnetic Pinch Marklund Convection Double Plasma Focus

  2. Cosmic Birkeland Currents • Stars and galaxies form on filaments of plasma called Birkeland currents. • How? • Via Marklund convection, the magnetic pinch, and the plasma focus mechanism.

  3. A Star Forming on a Birkeland Current

  4. Astronomers Know Stars Form “On Strings”. • In April, 2011 (ESA) announced that its Herschel space observatory discovered "networks of tangled gaseous filaments" in the clouds between the stars • "We can actually see stars forming like beads on strings in some of these filaments.”

  5. Galaxies Also Form on Strings

  6. The Magnetic-pinch at Work“Bug Neb.” NGC 6302

  7. Mainstream Comment About Planetary Nebulae: • “A planetary nebula is the glowing relic of a dying, sun-like star.” • “The hourglass shapes of many planetary nebulae are produced by the expansion of a ‘fast stellar wind’ within a slowly expanding ’cloud’ which is denser near its equator than its poles.” • If so, where do the x-rays come from?

  8. NASA Is Preoccupied With DeathMyCn-18 • “The sands of time are running out for the central star of this hourglass-shaped planetary nebula.”  • But, this star is not dying. • It is being born.

  9. Winston Bostick (1926-1991) • Consultant to LANL. • Shot two counter-directed plasma focus guns directly at each other in 1956. • Created plasmoids that had same shape and rotation as galaxies. • In 1980’s Peratt simulated these results on a supercomputer.

  10. Plasma Focus Gun The beam forms in cases where the inner electrode is at a higher voltage than the outer electrode.

  11. Shape of the Focus Discharge • a: beginning phase. • b: inner circle of discharge goes inside. • c: compression occurs - outer surface curves out.

  12. Vela Pulsar Mainstream comments: “Just because this looks like a plasma focus device doesn’t mean it is one.” “It is a dying star”. “Gravity cannot repel anything, so the jet is evidence of a black hole. Or maybe gravitational collapse”

  13. Bostick’s Results (1956)

  14. PN He2-90

  15. Marklund Convection Elements tend to form concentric cylinders inside Birkeland currents. The radii are proportional to the ionization voltages of the elements.

  16. An Effective Coaxial Cable

  17. Magnetic-pinch Applied

  18. Double Plasma Focus in Action“Twin-jet” or “Butterfly” neb. M2-9

  19. Many Examples of This Process Exist

  20. Is This a Beginning Z-pinch? “Gomez’s Hamburger” See: http://www.spaceimages.com/gomham.html

  21. Some of the Plasma Areas Can Be in Dark (Invisible) Mode.

  22. NGC 6537

  23. M1 The Crab Nebula

  24. M1 The Crab Nebula in X-ray

  25. NGC 2346

  26. “Cotton Candy Nebula”IRAS 17150-3224 (Scorpius)

  27. Stingray Nebula (Hen-1357)

  28. PN Hubble 5

  29. Footprint Neb. (M1-92)

  30. “Thor’s Helmet” (NGC 2359)

  31. Necklace Nebula

  32. “Rotten Egg” Nebula

  33. PN SuWt-2

  34. Alfvén Stellar Circuit

  35. Fomalhaut and Its Ring Is this ring the last visible part of a double plasma focus structure?

  36. SN 1987A

  37. Radio Galaxy 3C31

  38. Centaurus A

  39. Herbig-Haro HH47 & Molecular Hydrogen Objects

  40. The Garden Sprinkler PN

  41. IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer Reveals Milky Way Polar Gamma-Ray “Bubbles”

  42. Is This Morphology Universal? • Do all stars form this way? • Do all galaxies form this way? • Do all stars and galaxies have (perhaps vestigial) rings? • Is this the most basic, fundamental mechanism in all of Plasma Cosmology? • It may well be. • STAY TUNED! THANK YOU

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