Nine months at the European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden

1. Nine months at the European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden Rüdiger Schmidt With material from Mats Lindroos

2. Why ESS? Why neutron scattering ? • Neutron scattering can be applied to a range of scientific questions, in physics, chemistry, geology, biology, engineering and medicine. • With a neutron tool kit, we can probe the structure and dynamics of materials over a wide range of length- and time-scales • life science,  • soft condensed matter research,  • chemistry of materials,  • energy research,  • magnetic and electronic phenomena,  • engineering materials and geosciences,  • archaeology and heritage conservation, • fundamental and particle physics. 

3. Example of using neutrons for archaeology 2012-amphore-photo Proto-Corinthian ceramic vase dated to about 700–600 B.C. 2012-amphore X-rays Radiography: ANTARES@ FRM II Neutron Tomography: PGAA @ FRM II

4. Neutrons are good for ……

5. ESS has a long history……

6. ….and requires very slow neutrons

7. 5 MW seems to be a natural constant

8. ESS - Bridging the neutron gap 1020 SNS ISIS ILL HFIR NRU MTR 1015 NRX ZINP-P/ IPNS HFBR FRM-II WNR KENS X-10 SINQ Effective thermal neutron flux n/cm2-s 1010 ZINP-P CP-2 CP-1 Berkeley 37-inch cyclotron 105 Steady State Sources 350 mCi Ra-Be source Pulsed Sources 1 Chadwick 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 (Updated from Neutron Scattering, K. Skold and D. L. Price, eds., Academic Press, 1986) ESS J-PARC

9. ESS at Lund

10. ESS at Lund 35 min from Kastrup 2 h from Geneva

11. If you do not like rain, go to Lund….

12. Moving around in Lund

13. Moving around in Lund

14. Recipe for a Spallation Source • Accelerate many many many protons to 1 – 2 GeV • Proton beam power of several MW, 1.5 * 1016 protons / second • Send the protons to a metal (tungsten) target • 1 GeV proton => about 20 Neutrons • Slow the neutrons down to thermal energies • Watch out – do not mix meV and MeV • Send them through (curved) guides to the experiments • Have an experiment (instrument) to use the neutrons Single-Crystal Diffractometer (TOPAZ)

15. ESS Linac 352.21 MHz 704.42 MHz 2.4 m 4.5 m 3.6 m 40 m 54 m 75 m 174 m Target High β Source LEBT RFQ MEBT DTL Spokes Medium β HEBT & Contingency 75 keV 3.6 MeV 90 MeV 220 MeV 570 MeV 2000 MeV

16. Site Plan ~600 m

18. A research center for Europe Science village Scandinavia

19. ESS office buildings

20. ESS site ….today

21. Artist view of ESS and MAX IV ….tomorrow MAX IV Science village ESS Instruments ESS Target building ESS linac

22. Example of a (small) target: ISIS target hall

23. ESSS: some numbers • Staff number at ESS: today about 200, expected to increase to 450-500 when operating • Start of operation (first protons on target) planned for 2019 • Projected lifetime: 40 years • Operation budget per year: 140 M€ • The construction budget for ESS is 1843 M€ • Accelerator: 510 M€ • Target station:150 M€ • Infrastructure:520 M€ • Controls etc.: 70 M€ • N Instruments:350 M€ • Others: administration, licencing, energy, … Not a typo

24. ESS specific • ESS is an emerging research laboratory with (still) very limited capacity in-house • Collaborative projects: Work in a collaboration where the scope of the project can be set by the total capacity (distributed) of the partners • The accelerator part of the project well suited for this as this community has a strong tradition of open collaboration (XFEL, FAIR, CERN, e.g.LINAC4, European commission framework programs such as EUCARD and TIARA, EURISOL,...) • To keep cost down and to optimize schedule this requires that investments in required infrastructure is done at the partner with best capacity to deliver

25. Prototyping the ESS accelerator SørenPapeMøller SebastienBousson Roger Ruber Pierre Bosland Anders J Johansson CERN The National Center for Nuclear Research, Swierk Roger Barlow IbonBustinduy Santo Gammino

26. Transition from construction to operation ESS Operations can be divided into three distinct phases: Initial Operations Phase (2019 – 2022, 4 years) – Includes one year of activities to produce first neutrons (2019) and three years of activities to improve accelerator performance and to commission instruments (experiments by friendly users); Initial User Program Operations (2023 – 2025, 3 years) – Includes support necessary for reliable operations with public users and provides the basis for future cost sharing; and, User Program Operations (Beginning in 2026 – ) – Routine operations including the completion and commissioning of the final 22 public instruments.

27. Scope contingency for 5 MW accelerator 352.21 MHz 704.42 MHz 2.4 m 4.5 m 3.6 m 40 m 54 m 75 m 174 m Target High β Source LEBT RFQ MEBT DTL Spokes Medium β HEBT & Contingency 75 keV 3.6 MeV 90 MeV 220 MeV 570 MeV 2000 MeV • We plan for delivering a 5 MW accelerator • The scope contingency for the accelerator is beam power. The purchasing of power supplies and RF sources necessary to go from 2.5 to 5 MW will be scheduled discretely. These purchases will be authorized after the financial requirements for delivering 2.5 MW of beam power are secure. • Each 7 M€ reduction decrease energy by 70 MeV (=175 kW at 62.5 mA) Scope contingency 100 M€ CM and RF sources

29. My involvement • Learning about sc high intensity proton linacs • Machine Protection (..organised a PLC workshop) • Planning • Controls systems • … and many activities not related to ESS

30. Some of my impressions • Exciting new project in the accelerator world • Together, ESS and MAXlab will become one of the major accelerator research centres in Europe • Working methods very different from CERN • Very formal definition of requirements….. • Structure of technical discussions not obvious… • Very little collaboration between the two labs • Surprisingly little activities related to protection of personnel yet…. • Many challenges • Building up a lab from scratch on a green field • Working with outside partners to deliver most systems • Building up a base with qualified personnel • Collaboration in some areas can be of interest for both labs, ESS and CERN • Interlock and protection systems • Superconducting RF • Others (beam losses, BLMs, diamond detectors, ….)

31. Slide from Mats Lindroos

32. Project Review November 2013 • The first ESS annual review took place at LUND the 12th-14th November 2013 • Present : ESS project team, 33 members of the review team organized in 7 subcommittees and 7 observers (see next slide for details) • First impressions: • The review committee congratulates the ESS team and its management for the quality of the material and presentations submitted to the reviewers • The ESS is now a real project from all points of view, well shaped and well organized. ESS is now managing to the established baseline. • A big effort was made in the last 10 months to build up an organization structure with names and clear responsibilities attached to it • The management of the project is strong, well determined, motivated and success oriented. The ESS overall schedule foresees first protons on target in December 2019. The cost cap has been fixed to 1.843 B€ (year 2013). • ESS will start real construction work in June 2014 (ground break)

33. Plan A and other plans… Schedule Priority – Facility construction complete at the end of 2022 with 5 MW capability installed; Operations Linked to Construction Progress – Initial operations in 2019 (production of 1st neutrons) and facility operations in 2023 (instruments available for the user program); Scope Contingency - Explicit scope contingency integrated into the accelerator plans (scope that can be delayed if necessary); Instrument Program – Technically limited schedule, leverage construction investment, plan for additional investment; Conventional facilities costs above the cost report value covered outside the cap by the host countries or new partners;