VOCABULARY UNIT E Chapter 4.3 “Prevent and Treat Disease ”

1. VOCABULARYUNIT E Chapter 4.3“Prevent and Treat Disease ”

2. microorganism a very small organism that can be seen only with a microscope EXAMPLE: bacteria

3. bacteria a large group of one-celled organisms that sometimes cause disease

4. bacteria

5. virus • a nonliving, • disease-causing particle that uses the materials inside cells to reproduce • consists of genetic material enclosed in a protein capsid (protein coat)

6. virus ORIGIN- from the Latin virus meaning toxin or poison

7. virus POLIO VIRUS

8. If a tiny virus were enlarged to the size of a baseball, a bacteria would be as big as a pitcher's mound, and a cell would fill the entire ballpark! VIRUS BACTERIA CELL

9. The most common viral diseases are colds and influenza (flu). Cold and flu viruses are spread through the air, on surfaces, and by contact with infected persons.

10. COLD VIRUS (RHINOVIRUS 16) More than 300 different viruses can cause colds.

11. HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS

12. pathogen • agents that cause disease • comes from the Greek word pathos, which means "suffering"

13. mutagen • ORIGIN- Latin meaning origin of change • an agent that changes the genetic material (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations • Mutagens can be carcinogenic (able to cause cancer)

14. antigen • foreignsubstance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion

15. antibiotic • a substance that can destroy bacteria • first discovered in 1928 when scientist Alexander Fleming was performing experiments on bacteria

16. Bacteria Killed by Penicillin The antibiotic penicillin works by weakening the bacterial cell wall, making the bacteria burst as seen above.

17. antibiotic

18. Vaccines are the best way to prevent people from getting sick from viral infections. Vaccines are made from parts of a virus. They allow our bodies to see a virus in a form that won't make us sick. Then when our bodies see the virus again it recognizes and fights the virus. If you do get sick from a virus, your doctor may use an antiviral drug to help you get better. Antibiotics do not work on viruses! Antibiotics kill only bacteria. VACCINES

19. VACCINES Vaccines can also be made to prevent bacterial diseases such as whooping cough and tetanus.

20. VACCINES A terrible viral disease called small pox used to exist. The small pox vaccine was very widely used and now small pox has been eliminated! There have been no cases of small pox reported since 1977. In 1796, Edward Jenner made the first vaccine for smallpox.

21. infectious disease • diseases caused by pathogens EXAMPLES: bacteria, viruses • diseases that can be transmitted or spread from one organism to another

22. infectious disease • Infectious diseases are called • CONTAGIONS.

23. noninfectious disease diseases that cannot be spread by pathogens

24. resistance the ability of an organism to protect itself from a disease or the effects of a substance

25. Louis Pasteur - the greatest biologist of the nineteenth century - (1822-1895)

26. Louis Pasteur • 1857 Pasteur, a French chemist, did experiments to show microorganisms caused food to decay • germ theory states that some diseases, called infectious diseases, are caused by germs • Pasteurization is a process which uses heat to slow microbial growth in foods & milk. • The process was named after its creator, Louis Pasteur. (1822-1895)

27. 3 diseases caused by bacteria: - pneumonia - food poisoning - strep throat

28. 3 sicknesses caused by viruses: - influenza (flu) - chicken pox - colds

29. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (1928)

30. Alexander Fleming - performing experiments on bacteria - found mold growing on his bacteria samples (accidental) - area around mold was clear of bacterial colonies - concluded that something in mold killed bacteria

31. Ways Infectious Diseases Spread Ways to Prevent Spread of Infectious Diseases • food • air • water • insects and animals • person-to-person 1) washing fruits & vegetables 2) cover mouth when sneeze or cough 3) add chlorine to public water supply or boil water 4) WASH YOUR HANDS OFTEN

32. vector insects and animals that spread diseases to humans EXAMPLES Deer ticks are the vector of Lyme disease (bacterial). Mosquitoes are the vector of the West Nile disease (viral).

33. carrier people who are infected with a disease and can infect others but do not show symptoms of the disease themselves

35. You Didn't Wash Your Hands? Gross... You carry millions of microbes on your hands. Most are harmless, but you can pick up some that cause illnesses, such as colds, flu, and diarrhea. When we forget to wash our hands, or don't wash them properly, we can spread these germs to other people, or give them to ourselves by touching our eyes, mouths, noses or cuts on our bodies. We can also pick up germs from objects, such as doorknobs and stair railings, touched by other people who aren't good handwashers. Think about all the things you touch each day and how many people may have touched them before you. Handwashing with warm water and soap can greatly reduce the chances of spreading or getting germs. The mechanical action of scrubbing loosens up the dirt and microbes on our hands and the soap picks them up and binds to them so that the water can wash them away. WEB VIDEO: You Didn't Wash Your Hands?

36. 2 noninfectious diseases that you can be born with: - cystic fibrosis - sickle cell disease

37. 2 noninfectious diseases that can develop later in life. - cancer - diabetes