Female Reproductive System, Neonatology

1. Female Reproductive System, Neonatology

2. Bovine Reproductive tract

3. Mesometrium suspends the uterus to the abdominal roof- in dogs and cats

4. Uterus anatomy Perimetrium- outer lining Myometrium- muscular layer Endometrium- inner vascular lining Clitoris- just inside the vagina on the floor Vaginal Fornix- lateral separation of the distal vagina that creates difficulty in A.I. of unaware

5. Canine female

6. Hymens do occur in dogs and mares and can increase dystocia if a fibrous band is maintained • When the vaginal canalization is complete, the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and becomes perforate before or shortly after birth • Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals, including chimpanzees, elephants, manatees, whales, and horses, retain hymens

7. Factors that affect puberty • Genetic factors- smaller breeds reach puberty earlier • Nutritional factors-poor nutrition delays onset • Environmental factors- presents of males enhances puberty, confinement and close grouping of gilts hastens puberty

8. Reproductive tract dilates for delivery

9. Sow Uterus- ovaries with follicles

10. Mare

11. Graffian follicle- fully developed which is producing Estrogen from it fluidCorpus Hemorrhoragicum- the fill site after rupture of follicle

12. Graffian (mature) follicle A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals.

13. Also FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens (coming from the thecal cells) to estradiol . However, after ovulation the granulosa cells produce progesterone. The progesterone may maintain a potential pregnancy and causes production of a thick cervical mucus that inhibits sperm entry into the uterus

15. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of androstenedione, and indirectly the production of estradiol by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione a substrate for estradiol.

16. From the Anterior pituitary Gland • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone. It is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction

17. From the Anterior Pituitary Gland • Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. • In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation( with Estrogens and Prostaglandin F2 alpha) • Prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates breakdown of the Tunica albiginea at the potential rupture sight on the ovary • development of the corpus luteum. • In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH),it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone.

18. Corpus Luteum- progesterone

19. Progesteronesteroidhormone involved in the femalereproductive cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of mammals. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens . • Progesterone is commonly manufactured from the yam family, Dioscorea

21. Corpus Hemorrhoragicum- the fill site after rupture of follicle- Corpus Luteum fills – production of Progesterone to maintain pregnancy

22. Degeneration of C.l. to Corpus albicans in the ovary Here is an ova in ovarian tissue surrounded by theca cells and waiting for appropriate hormonal stimulation to begin to develop. FSH, Estrogen, Prostaglandin, Progesterone

23. Ova to zygote • Females are born with all the ova they will ever produce, ovulating one (moniprrous) or several (pleuriparous) from puberty until menopause. When it's time for the egg's great adventure, the ovarian tissue that encases eggs proliferates and becomes differentiated into granulosa and theca cells, producing the much larger, cystic Graafian follicle. When mature, the follicle ruptures, and the egg explodes from the torn surface of the ovary (occasionally producing a pain) and is swept up into the nearby fallopian tube, where, if sperm , fertlize and converted it into a zygote that begins dividing. This early embryo continues its way down the tube and into the uterus, where it implants itself into the uterine wall

24. At Ovulation the Fimbria (funnel) gathers the ova to begin the migration down the fallopian tube • Fertilization occurs in the Fallopian Tube(oviduct) http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14155-human-ovulation-captured-on-video.html http://www.metacafe.com/watch/yt-9MnQxiSJZ4Q/3d_sperm_fertilization_project/

25. Estrouse Cycle (from one heat to the next)

26. Proestrus • One or several follicles of the ovary are starting to grow. Their number is specific for the species. Typically this phase can last as little as one day or as long as 3 weeks, depending on the species. Under the influence of estrogen the lining in the uterus (endometrium) starts to develop. Some animals may experience vaginal secretions that could be bloody. The female is not yet sexually receptive

27. Estrus • "Estrus" redirects here. For other uses, see Estrus (disambiguation). • Estrus refers to the phase when the female is sexually receptive ("in heat," or "on heat"). Under regulation by gonadotropic hormones, ovarian follicles are maturing and estrogen secretions exert their biggest influence. She then exhibits a sexually receptive behavior[9], a situation that may be signaled by visible physiologic changes. A signal trait of estrus is the lordosis reflex, in which the animal spontaneously elevates her hindquarters. • In some species, the labia are reddened. Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some species (e.g. cow), while in others it is induced by copulation (e.g. cat). If there is no copulation in an induced ovulator, estrus may continue for many days, followed by 'interestrus,' and the estrus phase starts again until copulation and ovulation occur.

28. Metestrus • During this phase, the signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the corpus luteum starts to form. The uterine lining begins to secrete small amounts of progesterone. This phase typically is brief and may last 1 to 5 days. In some animals bleeding may be noted due to declining estrogen levels

29. Diestrus • Diestrus is characterised by the activity of the corpus luteum that produces progesterone. In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but will be reorganised for the next cycle

30. Anestrus • Anestrus refers to the phase when the sexual cycle rests. This is typically a seasonal event and controlled by light exposure through the pineal gland that releases melatonin. Melatonin may repress stimulation of reproduction in long-day breeders and stimulate reproduction in short-day breeders. Melatonin is thought to act by regulating hypothalamic pulse activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Anestrus is induced by time of year, pregnancy, lactation, significant illness, chronic energy deficit, and possibly age

31. Frequency • Some species, such as cats, cows and domestic pigs, are polyestrous and can go into heat several times a year. Seasonally polyestrous animals or seasonal breeders have more than one estrous cycle during a specific time of the year and can be divided into short-day and long-day breeders: • Short-day breeders, such as sheep, goats, deer, foxes, elk—are sexually active in fall or winter. • Long-day breeders, such as horses and hamsters, are sexually active in spring and summer. • Species that go into heat twice per year, such as most dogs, are diestrous. • Monoestrous species, such as bears, foxes, and wolves, have only one breeding season a year, typically in spring to allow growth of the offspring during the warm season to survive the next winter. • A few mammalian species, such as rabbits do not have an estrous cycle and are able to conceive at almost any arbitrary moment

32. Cats • The female cat in heat has an estrus of 14–21 days and is an induced ovulator. Without copulation she may enter interestrus before reentering estrus. With copulation and in the absence of pregnancy, cycles occur about every three weeks. Cats are polyestrous but experience a seasonal anestrus in autumn and late winter

33. Dogs • A bitch is diestrous and goes into heat typically twice every year, although some breeds typically have one or three cycles a year. The proestrus is relatively long at 5–10 days, while the estrus may last 5-21 days. With a diestrus of 5-10 days, a typical cycle lasts about 3 weeks followed by about 150 days of anestrus. They bleed during this time, which will usually last from 7–13 days, depending on the size and maturity of the dog. Ovulations occur at the end of the estrus period, therefore this is the best time to begin breeding. Proestrus bleeding in dogs is common and is caused by diapedesis of RBCs from the blood vessels due to sudden withdrawal of estrogen hormone.

34. Horses • A mare may be 4 to 10 days in heat and about 14 days in diestrus. Thus a cycle may be short, i.e. 3 weeks. Horses mate in spring and summer, autumn is a transition time, and anestrus in winter. • A feature of the fertility cycle of horses and other large herd animals is that it is usually affected by the seasons. The number of hours daily that light enters the eye of the animal affects the brain, which governs the release of certain precursors and hormones. When daylight hours are few, these animals "shut down," become anestrous, and do not become fertile. As the days grow longer, the longer periods of daylight cause the hormones from the anterior pituitary (FSH) which activate the breeding cycle. There is economic advantage, given a gestation period of about eleven months, it prevents them from having young in winter which forage, and nutrition is in minimum supply. This is why these animals reproduce during certain times of the year.

35. Rats • Rats typically have rapid cycle times of 4 to 5 days. Although they ovulate spontaneously, they do not develop a fully functioning corpus luteum unless they receive coital stimulation. Fertile mating leads to pregnancy in this way, but infertile mating leads to a state of pseudopregnancy which lasts about 10 days. Mice and hamsters have similar behaviour . The events of the cycle are strongly influenced by lighting periodicity . • A set of follicles start to develop near the end of proestrus and grow at a nearly constant rate until the beginning of the subsequent estrus when the growth rates accelerate eightfold. They then ovulate about 109 hours after starting growth. Oestrogen peaks at about 11am on the day of proestrus. Between then and midnight there is a surge in progesterone, LH and FSH, and ovulation occurs at about 4am on the next, estrus day. The following day, metestrus, is called early diestrus or diestrus I by some authors. During this day the corpora lutea grow to a maximal volume, achieved within 24 hours of ovulation. They remain at that size for 3 days, halve in size before the metestrus of the next cycle and then shrink abruptly before estrus of the cycle after that. Thus the ovaries of cycling rats contain three different sets of corpora lutea at different phases of development.

36. Estrus frequencies of some other mammals: • Ewe: 17 days • Bovine: 21 days • Goat: 21 days • Sow: 21 days • Elephant: 16 weeks

37. Estrus in the cow (polyestrous) • Estrus lasts 16 hrs (Estrous cycle is 21 days) • standing to be mounted • Mounting other cows • Mucous smeared on the buttocks • Nervous • Seeks the bull • Roughening hair at the tailhead • Chin resting on rumps of other ocws, tail raised, urination. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhIBiZCSs5I&feature=more_related standing heat • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmkj5gq1cQU&feature=fvw • Super cattle

39. Estrus in the eweseasonally polyestrus (17 days cycle) • Standing to be mounted\search out ram • Vulva swells • Nervous • Vibrating, agitating movement of tail • Length of estrus ( 30 hrs) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbYZatkEeRw&feature=related sheep mating

40. Estrus in the Sow- polyestrus • Estrus 44 hrs (Estrous cycle- 21 days) • Stands to be mounted • Nervous • Tries to mount others • Swollen red vulva/ mucous dischg rarely • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tmmv7M0IAk&feature=related mating pigs- note ear • notching for identification

41. Estrus in the mare- seasonally polyestrus Estrus- 6 days ( Estrous cycle 21 days) Nervous Interst in stallion Vaginal winking, and urine excretion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIWslKz_kLM mare winking, in heat

42. Estrus in the Bitch- diestrus • Estrus – 6-21 days • Bleeding begins at proestrus and decreases or stops at estrus ( Diapedesis because of increasing thickness and vascularization of the endometrium ( not shedding of mucosa as in menstration in humans) • Fertility is highest 48 hrs prior to the end of estrus. • Many develop pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) during C.L. production of progesterone. • Metestrus – regression of the C.L. • Anestrus-

43. Ovulation occurs 2 days after LH spike

45. Are these cornified or non- cornified epithelial cells- what stage of Estrous cycle does this most likely represent?

46. Uterine changes in Estrous Cycle -Rising Estrogen in prosestrus- edema and thickening of uterine wall- additional blood vessels -Estrogen makes endothelium fragile -Bleeding may occur in proestrus -Great media for growing excessive amounts of bacteria

47. Increase in Progesterone at metestrus and diestrus- glands develop in the uterine wall and secrete Uterine Milk which nourishes the embryo until a placenta is formed • As the C.L. is killed and stops producing progesterone, the uterus lining sloughs and is reabsorbed- effects of • PGF 2alpha • A. From the uterus at the end of Diestrus • B. From pregnant uterus a parturition • C. From drugs (Estrumate, Lutalyse) at post estrus

48. Prostaglandin F2alpha destroys the C.L which allows initiation of new cycle

49. Prostagland stops C.L. and commenses a new cycle

50. Female system Male system