Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry Bio I Honors Rupp

2. Water • Two hydrogens and one oxygen bonded covalently • Electrons are not shared equally—oxygen is very electronegative • The uneven charge is known as polarity • Oxygen is negative • Hydrogens are positive

4. Polarity • The uneven charge of water is what makes it good at dissolving other substances • Sugars • Proteins • Ionic compounds

5. Water’s Physical Properties • High surface tension • High specific heat • Cohesion • Attractive force between particles that are the same • Adhesion • Attractive force between unlike particles • Capillarity • Universal solvent • Neutral pH • Hydrogen bonding

6. Surface tension Cohesion Water’s Physical Properties

7. Adhesion Hydrogen bonds Water’s Physical Properties

8. Carbon Compounds • Carbon has four outer electrons • Carbon can form how many bonds? • Types of bonds • Single • Double • Triple • Structures • Straight chains • Branched • Rings

9. Carbon Structure

10. Carbon Structure

11. Functional Groups

13. Polymers • Macromolecules or polymers are built from single units called monomers • Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction joins two monomers • Water is lost • Building • Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers into monomers • Water is added • Breaking • Energy used for both processes—ATP

14. Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

15. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Sugars • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

16. Monosaccharides • Basic formula is C6H12O6 • Triose—3 carbons • Pentose—5 carbons • Hexose—6 carbons

17. Disaccharides • Basic formula is C12H22O11 • Two monosaccharides have been linked and a water lost • The bond holding the sugars together is a glycosidic bond • Isomers—same chemical formula with different structures

18. Storage Structural • Starch • Simplest starch is amylose, which is found in plants • Amylopectin is more complex with more branches • Glycogen is a highly branched animal starch • Cellulose and chitin • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth • Chitin is found in shells of crustaceans and insects Polysaccharides

21. Proteins • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen • Monomers are amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis • Essential amino acids—need to be consumed because your body cannot make them • Lysine and tryptophan are two amino acids • Poorly represented in vegetarian diets • Lysine is found in chicken, turkey, potatoes, cheese, soy, eggs, milk, fish, and beef • Tryptophan is found in almonds, cabbage, kidney beans, lima beans, oats, pistachios, poppy seeds, spinach, and wheat

22. Proteins con’t. • Peptide bond is the bond between amino acids • Many amino acids means many peptide bonds, hence proteins are referred to as polypeptides

23. Proteins con’t. • What are proteins good for? • Structural support • Storage of food sources • Transport proteins • Hormones • Antibodies • Enzymes

24. Proteins con’t. • Different protein shapes • Globular • Fibrous • Membranous • Enzymes • Special proteins that speed up reactions; biological catalysts

26. Lipids • Fatty acid chains—referred to as acids because of the carboxylic acid functional group • Two subgroups • Saturated • Unsaturated

27. Saturated Unsaturated • Solid at room temperature • Found mostly in animals • No double bonds between carbons • Liquid at room temperature • Found mostly in plants • Double bonds between carbons Lipids con’t.

29. Lipids con’t. • Trans fatty acids—also known as partially hydrogenated fats (check food labels) • Not good for you • Manufactured to have more taste than unsaturated fatty acids

30. Omega 3 Fatty Acids—Good Lipids • Help in cell membrane formation—keeps them flexible • Deficiencies linked to: • Decreased mental ability • Poor vision • Increased blood clots • Diminished immune function • High blood pressure • Learning disorders • Growth retardation • Found in: • Walnuts • Pumpkin seeds • Brazil nuts • Avocados • Spinach • Collard greens • Salmon • Mackerel • Albacore tuna

31. Omega 6 Fatty Acids—Good Lipids • Help improve: • Diabetic neuropathy • Rheumatoid arthritis • PMS • Skin disorders such as psoriasis and eczema • Found in: • Grapeseed oil • Pumpkin seeds • Pinenuts • Pistachios • Raw sunflower seeds • Olives • Chicken

32. Phospholipids • Very similar to fatty acids except there is a phosphate group attached • Polar phosphate group and non-polar fatty acids • Found in cell membranes

34. Waxes • A type of structural lipid • Highly waterproof • Found on plant leaves to prevent water loss • Also found on animals as a protective layer against microorganisms, Ex., earwax

35. Nucleic Acids • DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid • “deoxy” implies a certain sugar type • RNA—ribonucleic acid • “ribo” implies a certain sugar type • Both are composed of thousands of monomers called nucleotides • Three parts to each • Phosphate • Sugar • Nitrogenous base • Monomers are connected by phosphodiester bonds

36. Nucleic Acids con’t.

37. Nucleic Acids con’t.