The Nature of Souces and Evidence

1. The Nature of Souces and Evidence HSC Ancient History Core Study Pompeii and Heruclaneum

2. USING SOURCES Historians search for evidence in many places, for example gravestones, inscriptions on buildings, coins, ancient historical accounts, private letters and ruins of buildings. These are called SOURCES OF EVIDENCE and they provide the information that historians use to construct their accounts of what happened in the past.

3. USING SOURCES • All sources provide information, but not all of it is relevant to a particular line of inquiry. • Some sources are incomplete and provide only fragments of evidence. • Historians must locate sources and analyse the information they contain to see if it is relevant to their inquiry. • Information becomes evidence when it helps to answer particular questions about the past.

4. Who wrote it? When was it written? Why was it written? Who would read it? (Who could read in this society?) What sources were unavailable to the author? What sources were used by the author? Are there contradictions within the source? Are the conclusions/ judgements sound? Is the evidence contained in the source reliable? Can the information be corroborated from other sources? Questions to ask of written sources

5. What is it? What is it made from? What size is it? What was it used for? When was it made and by whom? Where was it found? What else was found with it? Where did it come from originally? What does this source tell us about its society? How has this source been interpreted by others? Questions to ask of archaeological sources

6. Here are FOUR questions historians might ask regarding this source in their investigation of life in Pompeii – and some possible answers. (See handout for copy of the actual source) TO LET. FROM JULY 1, SHOPS WITH THE FLOORS ABOVE, FINE UPPER CHAMBERS AND A HOUSE. IN THE ARRIUS POLLIO BLOCK OWNED BY GN ALLIUS NIGIDIUS MAIUS: PROSPECTIVE LESSEES TO APPLY TO PRIMUS, SLAVE OF NIGIDIUS QUESTIONING SOURCES

7. What is the source?It is a graffito from the wall of a building in Pompeii. Graffito = Graffiti TO LET. FROM JULY 1, SHOPS WITH THE FLOORS ABOVE, FINE UPPER CHAMBERS AND A HOUSE. IN THE ARRIUS POLLIO BLOCK OWNED BY GN ALLIUS NIGIDIUS MAIUS: PROSPECTIVE LESSEES TO APPLY TO PRIMUS, SLAVE OF NIGIDIUS QUESTIONING SOURCES

8. 2) What can we learn about Pompeiian life from the graffito? Some shops & houses were rented Some buildings had upper floors Blocks of buildings may have been named for identification Slaves existed and some undertook responsible tasks. TO LET. FROM JULY 1, SHOPS WITH THE FLOORS ABOVE, FINE UPPER CHAMBERS AND A HOUSE. IN THE ARRIUS POLLIO BLOCK OWNED BY GN ALLIUS NIGIDIUS MAIUS: PROSPECTIVE LESSEES TO APPLY TO PRIMUS, SLAVE OF NIGIDIUS QUESTIONING SOURCE

9. 3) When was the graffito made? (What date?) We cannot answer this question from the graffito itself. We need to either change the question or find another source of information TO LET. FROM JULY 1, SHOPS WITH THE FLOORS ABOVE, FINE UPPER CHAMBERS AND A HOUSE. IN THE ARRIUS POLLIO BLOCK OWNED BY GN ALLIUS NIGIDIUS MAIUS: PROSPECTIVE LESSEES TO APPLY TO PRIMUS, SLAVE OF NIGIDIUS QUESTIONING SOURCES

10. 4) What other sources may be useful in helping to interpret this source? There may be other inscriptions referring to Nigidius, providing clues to the period in which he lived The identification and excavation of the Arrius Pollio block may provide further evidence that may help answer Q2. TO LET. FROM JULY 1, SHOPS WITH THE FLOORS ABOVE, FINE UPPER CHAMBERS AND A HOUSE. IN THE ARRIUS POLLIO BLOCK OWNED BY GN ALLIUS NIGIDIUS MAIUS: PROSPECTIVE LESSEES TO APPLY TO PRIMUS, SLAVE OF NIGIDIUS QUESTIONING SOURCES

11. ACTIVITY 1 • Create 4 questions a historian might ask of the insciption in an investigation of the role of women in Pompeii. • Propose answers to the questions • Share and discuss your questions with the person next to you • What other types of sources might historians look for to provide a balanced picture of the role of women in Pompeii?

12. How do historians use sources? • Plan their investigations • Formulate historical questions and hypotheses relevant to the investigation • Locate and comprehend archaeological and written sources • Analyse sources for their usefulness and reliability • Select and organise relevant information (evidence) from a variety of sources • Identify different historical perspectives and interpretations in primary and secondary sources • Synthesise information from a range of sources to develop and support a historical argument • Present and communicate the findings of the historical investigation

13. POMPEII: Private houses Household shrines Public buildings – palaestra, amphitheatre, baths Forum Temples Brothels Graffiti Inscriptions on buildings and monuments Tombs Statues and decorations Fountains Tools and work equipment Weights and measures Household equipment Water supply Jewellery Pottery Mosaics and frescoes Streetscapes Weapons and armour Cooking equipment Some sources that have been recovered

14. HERCULANEUM: Private houses Household shrines Public buildings – baths, theatre, basilica Scrolls of papyri Wax tablets Graffiti Inscriptions on buildings and monuments Skeletal remains of humans and animals Shops and workshops Tools and work equipment Weights and measures Household equipment Water supply and sanitation Jewellery and glassware Pottery Wooden furniture and building timbers Fishing nets Mosaics and frescoes Organic material including food Strertscapes Cooking equipment Some sources that have been recovered

15. Limitations of Sources • There are some ‘gaps’ in evidence • Lack of written sources from people about everyday life, dreams, thoughts and outlook on life • No personal letters, poems, shopping lists or stories • Two legal documents in P and one in H which give some insight into business and legal activities • Graffiti provide glimpses of personal thoughts, but their reliability is difficult to assess • Most well-known written sources about P are two letters by Pliny the Younger, years after the eruption • Only parts of H uncovered – therefore limitations • Historians and archaeologists often view evidence from ‘modern eyes’

16. Reliability To make effective judgements, historians must decide how useful sources are for the topics they are studying. They need to ask questions such as: • Is the source biased in any way? • Does the source contain facts or opinions? • How reliable is this source for the topic being studied?

17. Bias in Sources • A biased source gives mainly a one-sided view of an event or argument. It usually favours one side. • Biased sources can still be useful for showing a particular point of view.

18. Types of Bias • Deliberate distortion or untruth • Limited access to evidence • Distortion to serve a purpose • Beliefs or opinions of the writer

19. Determining Bias You need to ask the following questions: • How emotive words or phrases have been used? • What is the impression given by the source? • Are any facts omitted? • Is the selection of facts balanced? • Has the writer any reason to be one-sided? • What do you think the origin of the descriptions may be? • Is the writer trying to influence a particular group of people? • What is the author’s purpose in writing?

20. Evaluation of Sources • Examination of sources in their context • Investigation to determine origin and purpose • Questioning to reveal evidence sources may contain to a historical inquiry • Testing of sources for accuracy and reliability