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Thirty Years War

Thirty Years War. Europe in the 1500’s . Idea of a “Universal Religion”. Holy Roman Empire Founded 800 AD Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” Intended to be “Universal Christian Empire”. Charles V. Holy Roman Emperor King of Spain 1516-1556. Problems. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

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Thirty Years War

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  1. Thirty Years War

  2. Europe in the 1500’s

  3. Idea of a “Universal Religion” • Holy Roman Empire • Founded 800 AD • Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” • Intended to be “Universal Christian Empire”

  4. Charles V • Holy Roman Emperor • King of Spain • 1516-1556

  5. Problems • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Preached beliefs against Catholic Church • Catholic Church: Good deeds=salvation • Martin Luther: God’s Mercy=salvation

  6. Peasant’s War • Attempt to tie Protestant Reformation with social reformation • Certain states revolted, became Protestant

  7. Four Phases of War: • 1. Bohemian Period • 2. Danish • 3. Swedish Period • (Treaty of Prague) • 4. French Period • (Peace of Westphalia

  8. Bohemian Period (1618-1625) • Ferdinand of Styria elected Ferdinand II of Holy Roman Empire • Huge supporter of Catholic cause • Elected own Emperor: Frederick V • Defenestration of Prague: Calvinist rebels threw Bohemian royal council out of a window

  9. Catholics vs. Protestants • Catholic League: alliance of German Catholic Principalities (south Germany) • Sided with Ferdinand II • Protestant Union: alliance of German Protestant principalities (northern Germany) • Sided with Frederick V

  10. End of Bohemian Period • Catholic and Habsburg victory

  11. Danish Period (1625-1629) • Christian IV: Lutheran king of Denmark • Duke of Holstein, member of HRE • Supported Frederick • Sent army against imperial forces

  12. Catholic Response • Ferdinand enlisted help of Albrecht von Wallenstein • Military genius

  13. Treaty of Lubeck (1629) • Christian IV got to keep Denmark • In return, was not allowed to support the Protestant German states

  14. Edict of Restitution • Ferdinand repossessed Protestant territories belonging to Catholic Church

  15. Swedish Period (1630-1635) • Led by King GustavusAdolphusII • France and Sweden sign alliance • Catholic France and Protestant Sweden vs. Catholic HRE • Battle of Lutzen: Swedes win, but Adolphus dies • Sweden loses every battle since • Wallenstein assassinated later

  16. Treaty of Prague • Delay of Edict of Restitution by 40 years • Strengthened Hapsburgs further • Did not satisfy France

  17. French Period (1635-1648) • France declared war on Spain in May 1635 • Holy Roman Empire in August 1636 • Ferdinand II dies in 1637 • Cardinal Richelieu dies in 1642 • Louis XIII dies in 1643

  18. Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • End of Thirty Years War

  19. Absolute Sovereignty • Sovereignty: Jean Bodin believed that sovereign power consisted of: • the authority to make laws, • tax, • administer justice, • control the state's administrative system • determine foreign policy.

  20. Divine Right of Kings • Kings received their power from God, so therefore their power was absolute • Responsible to no one except God

  21. Cardinal Richelieu • Stripped the autonomy of several towns • Mostly Protestant towns in France (Huguenots) who rebelled against crown • Divided France into 30 administrative (bureaucracy) Districts instead of nobles to run country

  22. King Louis XIV • Versailles • Forced all nobles to come to the court • Bogged down in custom, the nobles could not think of rebellion

  23. England and Constitutionalism • France’s kings getting more powerful, England’s kings gradually less powerful

  24. England was different…. • Magna Carta- kings were held subject to the law • Parliament: gradually transformed from advisory council to legislature of England

  25. Henry VIII • Broke from Rome • Began Church of England (still held most practices of Catholicism) • Elements in England wanted to change England to make more Protestant

  26. Elizabeth I • Made England more Protestant • Had no children

  27. James Stuart (James I) • King of Scotland (James VI) • Tried to make England Absolute Monarchy • Struggled with Parliament

  28. Charles I • Son of James • Married daughter of King of France (Catholic) • Tried to unite England and Scotland • One king, one faith • Scotland revolts, invades England • Charles forced to call Parliament

  29. English Civil War • King vs. Parliament • Parliament Wins • Charles I tried and executed

  30. Commonwealth Period (1649-1660) • Oliver Cromwell • Protestant fundamentalist dictatorship • Shakespeare’s theatre (Globe) burned down • Cromwell dies 1658

  31. Restoration (1660-1688) • Charles II (1660-1685)- son of Charles I invited to be king • Possibly Catholic, but didn’t show it

  32. James II (1685-1688) • Catholic • Wanted to make England Catholic again • Regain Absolute Monarchy

  33. Glorious Revolution • King William and Mary of Orange (Netherlands) • Overthrew her father • Became new king and queen of England • Parliament forced them to sign “English Bill of Rights” • Expanded rights of landed gentry from Magna Carta • Limited power of king • Constitutional Monarchy • John Locke’s “Second Treatise on Government” (1690)

  34. Russia • Czars- Russian Emperors • Actually were absolute rulers • In exchange for absolute rule, nobles given complete control over peasants • Law Code of 1649: established serfdom • Peter the Great (1689-1725) • Made Russia into modern European state • Consolidated Czar power

  35. Baroque Style • Emphasis on Grandeur and Drama • Usually focused on Religious themes

  36. Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

  37. Calling of St. Matthew by Carvaggio

  38. Versailles

  39. Versailles

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