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Anatomy

Anatomy. Skeleto -Muscular System & Yoga Poses. Musculoskeletal System. Consists of : Bones Cartilages Joints Bursae Ligaments Tendons Muscles. Skeleton. Bone made up of 14% of our total body weight. Bone get their elasticity from tough elastic rope like fibers known as collagen.

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Anatomy

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  1. Anatomy Skeleto-Muscular System & Yoga Poses

  2. Musculoskeletal System Consists of: • Bones • Cartilages • Joints • Bursae • Ligaments • Tendons • Muscles

  3. Skeleton • Bone made up of 14% of our total body weight. • Bone get their elasticity from tough elastic rope like fibers known as collagen. • An adult skeleton have 206 bones & a baby’s skeleton have 300 bones or more.

  4. Skeleton The main job of the skeleton is to - provide support for our body. - helpsprotect your internal organs and fragile body tissues. - provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. - In the middle of some bones is jelly-likebone marrow, constantly being produce the new blood cells.

  5. Axial Skeleton Made up of 80 bones. • Skull (28) • Hyoid (1) • Vertebrae (26) • Ribs (24) • Sternum (breast bone) (1)

  6. Appendicular Skeleton Made up of 126 bones. Upper Extremity (Arms & Shoulder Girdle) • Clavicle (2) • Scapula (2) • Humerus (2) • Radius (2) • Ulna (2) • Carpals (16) • Metacarpals (10) • Phalanges (28)

  7. Appendicular Skeleton Made up of 126 bones. Lower Extremity (Pelvic Girdle, thighs & legs) • Hip bones (2) • Femur (2) • Patella (Knee cap) (2) • Tibia (2) • Fibula (2) • Tarsals (14) • Metatarsals (10) • Phalanges (28)

  8. Bones • A typical bone has an outer layer of hard which is very strong, dense and tough. • Inside this is a layer of spongy bone, which is like honeycomb, lighter and slightly flexible. • In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone marrow, where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood. • Calcium is an important mineral that bone cells need to stay strong 

  9. Bones • Bones are also the body’s reservoir for calcium, critical in a variety of physiological functions including muscle contraction. The concentration of calcium is accurately regulated through an interplay between the skeletal, endocrine and excretory systems. This involves feedback loops between the parathyroid gland, the kidneys, the intestines, the skin, the liver and the bones. • Bone mass decreases in osteoporosis, with the loss of estrogen in post-menopausal women. Resistance-type exercise maintains bone mass

  10. Joints Joints are areas where bones are linked together. They have varying degrees of mobility. Fibrous Joint:- joined by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. Ex: Skull Cartilaginous Joint:- joined by cartilage. More mobile than Fibrous joint and less mobile than Synovial joints. Ex: the Manbrium & Sternum.  Synovial Joint: not directly joined - the bones have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments

  11. Synoival Joints Bursa is the liquid which stays between a joint and tendon or muscle to avoid friction.

  12. Ligaments • Ligaments are dense bundles of parallel collagenous fibers. They are often derived from the outer layer of the joint capsule, but may also connect nearby but non-articulating bones. • The ligaments function chiefly to strengthen and stabilize the joint in a passive way. Unlike the muscles, they cannot actively contract. Nor (except for a few ligaments which contain a high proportion of yellow elastic fibers) can they stretch.

  13. Muscles

  14. Muscle Contraction • Concentric Contraction – Just contract. Elbow contraction. • Eccentric Contraction – Stretch, same time contract. Lowering an object. • Isometric Contraction – Holding an object. Joint not moving. Both side muscle contract. • Isotonic Contraction- Tension not change, but lengthening same time.

  15. Feet • Tarsals(Ankle)-7 • Metatarsus – 5 • Phalanges - 14

  16. Scapula

  17. Shoulder Joint

  18. Palms • Carpals – 8 • Metacarpals – 4 • Phalanges - 14

  19. Spine • Cervical Vertebrae – 7 • Thoracic Vertebrae – 12 • Lumbar Vertebrae – 5 • Sacrum – 1 • Coccyx - 1

  20. Spine • sacrum, convex toward the back • concave lumbar region (the term lordosis • convex thoracic region (kyphosis) • concave cervical region

  21. VERTEBRAE , L4 Spinous Process Spinal Cord Vertebral Body Spinal Disk Superior articulating process Inferior articulating process

  22. INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS Each inter-vertebral disk has a semi-fluid core, the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded by a tough but elastic connective tissue exterior, the annulus fibrosus. The nucleus pulposus comprises only about 15% of the total mass, but that’s enough liquid to allow the disk to act hydraulically every time you shift he angle of one vertebral body with respect to its neighbor, the nucleus pulposus shifts accordingly, bulging out the elastic annulus fibrosis on one side and every time you twist, the nucleus pulposus presses the annulus fibrosis outward all around.

  23. Spinal Ligaments • Anterior Longitudinal Ligament • Posterior Longitudinal Ligament • Supraspinous Ligament • Interspinous Ligament • Intertransverse Ligament

  24. FLEXION AND EXTENSION

  25. Ribs & Sternum

  26. Back Muscles Intertransverse Muscles: - Connect the adjacent transverse process. It connects posterior to the intertransverse process ligaments. Action:- Side Bending Interspinalis Muscles: Connect the adjacent spinous process. It connects either sides of the ligament. Action:- Extension

  27. Back Muscles • Transversospinal muscles:-are a group of muscles of the human back. Their combined action is rotation and extension of the vertebral column • (a) The semispinalis muscles • (i) SemispinalisDorsi (Semi SpinalisThoracis) • (ii) Semiispinaliscervicis • (iii)Semispinaliscapitis • (b) The multifidus. • (c) The rotatores

  28. Semispinalis muscles 1. SemispinalisDorsi (Semi SpinalisThoracis) 2. Semiispinaliscervicis 3. Semispinaliscapitis Semispinalisdorsiarises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the 6th to the 10th Thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper 4 Thoracic and Lower two  cervical vertebrae. Action:- Extend the spine in Thoracic region

  29. Semispinalis muscles Semispinaliscervicis :  the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes Semispinaliscapitis: Spinaliscapitis and semispinaliscapitiscan be considered together. They originate respectively from the spinous processes of C7—Tl and the transverse processes of C4—T4, and insert on the occiput. Action:- Extend the spine in Thoracic region

  30. Hip & Pelvis

  31. Hip Bone The pelvis receives the weight of the upper body and passes this weight on to the lower limbs via its articulations with the femurs.

  32. PELVIS AND HIPS Hip bone It have 3 parts Ilium • HFGFGF Pubis Ischium Femur Ischialtuberosity – Sitting Bone Pubic symphysis

  33. PELVIS AND HIPS LIGAMENTS

  34. Pelvic Ligaments

  35. Pelvic Nutation

  36. Iliopsoas • Origin: • Psoas • Transverse processes of T12-L5 & the lateral aspects of the intervertebral discs • Side of T12+L1 & IV intervertebral disc between • Iliacus • Iliac fossa, base of sacrum • End: • Psoas Major • Lesser trochanter of the femur • Actions: • Hip flexion & external rotation • Decelerates hip extension • Decelerates femoral internal rotation at heel strike • Assists in stabilizing the lumbar spine during functional movements

  37. Sartorius Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) End Medial condyle of the tibia Actions: Assists in hip flexion, abduction & external rotation Assists in knee flexion

  38. Tensor-Fasciae Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: Iliotibial tract (anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia) Actions: Hip abduction, flexion & internal rotation Decelerates hip adduction & assists in decelerating hip extension & external rotation

  39. adductor-magnuss • Origin: • Ischiopubicramus (anterior, adductor portion) • Lower outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischialtuberosity (posterior, hamstring or ischial fibers) • End: • Lower gluteal line & lineaaspera (anterior, adductor portion) • Adductor tubercle on the medial condyle ridge (posterior, hamstring or ischial fibers) • Actions • Hip adduction, transverse adduction & external rotation (during adduction) • Provides frontal plane stabilization during stance & assists in hip extension

  40. adductor-brevis • Origin: • Inferior ramus & body of pubis • End: • Upper third of lineaaspera • Actions • Hip adduction, transverse adduction, (initial) flexion & external rotation (during adduction)

  41. adductor-longus • Origin: • Body of pubis inferior & medial to pubic tubercle • End: • Lower two thirds of medial lineaaspera • Actions • Hip adduction, transverse adduction, & (initial) flexion

  42. Gracilis Origin:  Outer surface of the ischiopubicramus End: Medial surface of the superior tibia (upper medial shaft of tibia below sartorius) Actions: Hip adduction & transverse adduction Knee flexion External Rotation Decelerates hip flexion

  43. Pectineus Origin: Upper border of the pubis (super pubic ramis) End Below the lesser trochanter of the femur Actions: Hip adduction, transverse adduction & initial flexion External Rotation

  44. Gluteus-medius Origin: External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (just below crest)  End: Posterior & lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Actions: Abduction, transverse abduction, internal rotation & external rotation (during abduction) of the hip Decelerates hip adduction & internal rotation

  45. gluteus-minimus Origin: External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (below origin of gluteus medius) End: Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Actions: Abduction, transverse abduction & internal rotation (during abduction) of the femur at the hip Decelerates hip adduction

  46. gluteus-maximus Origin: Posterior gluteal line Posterior sacrum & coccyx Fascia of the lumbar area Sacrotuberous ligament End Glutealtuberosity of the femur Iliotibial tract Actions: Hip extension Hip external rotation Hip Adduction (lower portion) Decelerates hip flexion, adduction & internal rotation during stance phase Decelerates tibial internal rotation via the IlioTibial (IT) band

  47. piriformis Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum (S2-S4) End: Superior aspect of the greater trochanter Actions: Lateral (external) rotation of the thigh at the hip Assist in hip extension during functional movements Decelerates internal rotation of the hip

  48. rectus-femoris Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine (straight head) & the ilium above acetabulum (reflected head) End: Quadriceps tendon to patella (via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia) Actions: Knee extension Hip flexion

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