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Anatomy

Anatomy. The Digestive System. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Consists of a muscular tube The tube is open at both ends GI tract consists mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum Other accessory organs are located in the main digestive tract, e.g. pancreas and gall bladder.

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Anatomy

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  1. Anatomy

  2. TheDigestiveSystem

  3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Consists of a muscular tube • The tube is open at both ends • GI tract consists mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum • Other accessory organs are located in the main digestive tract, e.g. pancreas and gall bladder

  4. Oral cavity • Anatomy • Lips • Hard and soft palate • Tongue, gums, and teeth

  5. Lips • Anatomy The entire cavity is lined by the mucous membrane. • Common histologies 1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma occurs in minor salivary glands

  6. Tongue • Anatomy Striated muscle covered by mucous membrane Divided into two portions. The anterior 2/3 and the base. Common histologies Squamous cell carcinoma

  7. Salivary glands • Anatomy Three pairs of major salivary glands. • Parotid glands. • Submandibular glands • Sublingual glands

  8. Pharynx • Food passes through the pharynx to the oesophagus. • The pharynx lies behind the nose and is common to both the respiratory and digestive systems • The epiglottis (small flap of cartilage) situated behind the tongue and it prevents food when swallowed passing into the lungs

  9. Pharynx • Anatomy The pharynx is composed of muscle lined with a mucous membrane. The faucial or palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx The lingual tonsils are in the base of the tongue Divided into three regions: • nasopharynx • oropharynx • hypopharynx

  10. Nasopharynx • The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity

  11. Oropharynx • The oropharynx lies behind the buccal cavity, below the soft palate, and above the opening to the larynx

  12. Hypopharynx • The hypopharynx is located behind and lateral to the larynx • The hypopharynx serves as a passage for food only

  13. Alimentary canal - Oesophagus • Anatomy • Oesophagus extends from the hypopharynx to the stomach • The oesophagus is divided into three segments: • Cervical • Thoracic • Abdominal

  14. Oesophagus • Common histologies • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) • Adenocarcinoma

  15. Stomach • Anatomy The stomach lies just below the diaphragm and its main divisions are: • Cardia • Fundus • Pyloric antrum

  16. Stomach (Cont) • Anatomy • The greater omentum is a large fold of peritoneum • The medial border is called the lesser curvature • The lateral border is called the greater curvature

  17. Stomach (cont) • Common histologies • Adenocarcinoma • Linitis plastica • Leiomyosarcoma • Lymphoma (the most common extranodal site for lymphoma) • Squamous cell carcinoma occurs at the cardio-oesophageal junction

  18. Small Intestine • Anatomy The small intestine is about 7 metres (20 feet) long, The three divisions are: • duodenum • jejunum • ileum • Common histologies • Adenocarcinoma • Lymphoma • Leiomyosarcoma • Carcinoid

  19. Colon and rectum • Anatomy The colon is about 5 feet long and divided into 3 parts: • Colon • Rectum • Anus

  20. Colon and rectum (cont) • Anatomy The colon is divided into 5 segments: • Caecum • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Descending colon • Sigmoid colon

  21. Colon and rectum (cont) • Common histologies • Adenocarcinoma • Carcinoids of the appendix • Squamous cell carcinoma (most common malignancy of the anus) • Cloacogenic transitional cell carcinoma

  22. Colon and rectum (cont)

  23. Colonand Rectum

  24. Liver • Anatomy • The liver is the largest internal organ

  25. Liver • Common histologies Primary liver tumours are rare Cholangiocarcinoma arises in the intrahepatic bile ducts

  26. Gall bladder • Anatomy The gallbladder lies against the under-surface of the right lobe of the liver and has dual blood supply • Common histology Adenocarcinoma

  27. Pancreas • Anatomy The pancreas is divided into the head (near the stomach) body and tail (near the spleen). • Common histologies • Adenocarcinoma • Islet cell carcinoma

  28. The Respiratory System

  29. The Respiratory System • General Anatomy • Nose • Nasopharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  30. Nose and paranasal (accessory) sinuses • Anatomy Two nasal cavities Nostrils (external orifices) Choana • Common histologies Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Melanoma Lymphoma

  31. Nasopharynx • Anatomy Posterior superior wall (vault) Lateral wall • Common histologies Squamous cell carcinoma

  32. Larynx • Anatomy Sub-divided into three anatomic subsites: Supraglottis Glottis Subglottis • Common Histologies Squamous cell carcinoma

  33. Trachea, Bronchus & Lung • Anatomy Trachea Bronchus Lungs

  34. Lung • Common histologies Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma Large cell anaplastic carcinoma Carcinoid tumours Mesothelioma (Pleura) Melanoma Lymphoma

  35. The circulatory & cardiovascular systems • Circulatory system Function to transport oxygenated blood etc to the tissues Carry waste products away for removal • Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Three systems Pulmonary Systemic Portal

  36. The Lymphatic System Three major components • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph • Lymph nodes

  37. Three primary functions • Collects lymph from tissues of the body • Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins • Defence against invading micro-organisms and disease

  38. Lymph Node sites

  39. Lymphomas • 2 major classifications • Non Hodgkin’s Lymphomas • Hodgkin’s Disease

  40. The Haematopoietic System • Multiple Myeloma • Proliferation of plasma cells • 3 most common immunoglobulins are IgC IgA and IgM. • Immunogloublins consist of light and heavy chains

  41. The Haematopoietic System • Leukaemias Two types of haematopoietic tissue • Myeloid • Lymphoid Blood is a form of connective tissue and has two parts • Plasma • Formed elements (blood cells)

  42. Leukaemias- common histologies Leukaemias originate in bone marrow. • Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL) • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). (may be a disease progression of well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma) • Acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) • Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

  43. The musculoskeletal system • General anatomy - Cartilage • Muscles • Fascia • Ligaments • Bones • Cartilage

  44. Bone • Bones are classified into five types • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Round

  45. Bone - Common Histologies • The most common malignancy of bone is metastatic tumour from other primaries • Most common is Osteosarcoma • Tumours of cartilaginous or bony origin: • Osteogenic Sarcoma • Chrondrosarcoma • Ewings Sarcoma. • Giant Cell

  46. The Muscular System • Anatomy Three types of muscles: • Skeletal (striated) • Smooth • Cardiac

  47. Common Histologies • Fibrosarcoma • Leiomyosarcoma • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Angiosarcoma • Liposarcoma • Malignant fibrous histiocytoma • Synovial sarcoma

  48. The Skin • Two primary layers and tissue type • Epidermis- epithelium tissue • Dermis – connective tissue

  49. Melanoma • Melanoma is a skin malignancy • Derived from melanocytes or naevus cell • A naevus is a mole or birthmark

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