Free Electron Laser Projects X-FEL and the others S. Bertolucci INFN

1. Free Electron Laser Projects X-FEL and the others S. Bertolucci INFN

2. European Initiatives

4. Scientific case: new research frontiers in • Atomic, molecular and cluster physics • Plasma and warm dense matter • Condensed matter physics • Material science • Femtosecond chemistry • Life science • Single Biological molecules and clusters • Imaging/holography • Micro and nano lithography

11. Resonance Condition X-Ray FEL’s are based onSASE (no mirrors !) need Ultra-HighBrightness e- Beams • Self-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission amplifies the spontaneous radiation exponentially in a single pass • Interaction of a bright electron beam with noise in an undulator magnetresults in a density modulation of the electron bunch at the optical wavelength: SASE instability leads to COHERENT EMISSION

12. Undulator Radiation The electron trajectory is determined by the undulator field and the electron energy The electron trajectory is inside the radiation cone if

13. Relativistic Mirror Counter propagating pseudo-radiation Compton back-scattered radiation in the moving mirror frame Doppler effect in the laboratory frame TUNABILITY

14. Due to the finite duration the radiation is not monochromatic but contains a frequency spectrum which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a truncated plane wave

16. Spectral Intensity Line width

17. g=norm. energy en= r.m.s. normalized emittance I = peak current K = undulator parameter µlu Bu A) Photon and Electron Beams must overlap in ph space B) Cold Electron Beam (no damping of instability growth) R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048 Brightness is what really matters ! Conditions for SASE

18. September 2000 LEUTL APS/ANL 385 nm VISA ATF/BNL 840 nm TTF-FEL DESY 98 nm March 2001 SASE Saturation Results Since September 2000: 3 SASE FEL’s demonstrate saturation

20. TTF FEL LEUTL

21. SLAC Linac Undulator Hall Two Chicanes for bunchcompression Near Hall Far Hall Linac Coherent Light Source Project Description Injector John N. Galayda, SLAC

22. 2002 FY2001 2003 FY2002 2004 FY2003 FY2004 2005 2006 FY2005 FY2008 FY2006 FY2009 FY2007 Estimated Cost, Revised Schedule • $200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range • $245M-$295M Total Project Cost range • FY2005 Long-lead purchases for injector, undulator • FY2006 Construction begins • January 2008 FEL Commissioning begins • September 2008 Construction complete XFEL Commissioning CD-2b Title I Design Complete CD-1 CD-2a CD-3b CD-0 CD-3a CD-4

23. Capabilities Spectral coverage: 0.15-1.5 nm To 0.5 Ǻ in 3rd harmonic Peak Brightness: 1033 Photons/pulse: 1012 Average Brightness: 3 x 1022 Pulse duration: <230 fsec Pulse repetition rate: 120 Hz John N. Galayda, SLAC

30. g=norm. energy en= r.m.s. normalized emittance I = peak current K = undulator parameter µlu Bu A) Photon and Electron Beams must overlap in ph space B) Cold Electron Beam (no damping of instability growth) R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048 Brightness is what really matters ! Conditions for SASE

31. Photo-Injector Beam dynamics R&D challenges for future X-ray sources • Three Major Tasks to accomplish: • Minimize all mechanisms leading to degradation of the rms normalized transverse emittance en • Peak current enhancement by a factor 20-100 • Damp the beam energy spread below the threshold Dg/g < r

32. @ LNF Sorgente Pulsata Auto-amplificata Radiazione Coerente Self-Amplified Pulsed Coherent Radiation

33. SPARC project R&D program towards: - high brightness 150 MeV electron beam, - a SASE-FEL experiment - Ultrashort X-ray generation - X-ray optics & diagnostics

34. Under ENEA responsibility Under INFN responsibility SPARC 3D CAD model

35. Brightness State of the Art SPARC ATF SUMITOMO PITZ

36. Innovative Concepts / Components to reach max. brightness • Use of Shaped Laser Pulses(minimize space charge non-linearities) • Implementation of new optimized lay-out for an integrated photo-injector(proper phase tuning of emittance oscillations for max. brightness) • Produce RF bunch compression with Emittance Preservation(increasing peak current at no expense of transverse emittance)

38. Laser Pulse Shaping Techniques TeO2 Liquid Crystal Phase Mask z L DAZZLER Collinear Acousto-Optic modulator (AOM)

39. LINAC Working Point - Emittance

40. Slice analysis through the bunch

41. RF Deflector: principle of operation

42. Slice selection @ SPARC using a slit and RF Deflector, with and without clipping Coupling of time-transverse coordinate with 1:1 c.c. Bunch head Z(m) 300 mm Bunch tail SPARC Review - Sept. 23rd 2003

44. Brightness is crucial for many Applications SASE FEL’s Courtesy of D. Umstadter, Univ. of Michigan Plasma Accelerators Relativistic Thomson Monochromatic X-Ray Sources

45. Collaborations and UE programs MOU DESY BNL UE PITZ SPARC UCLA MOU UE EUROFEL MOU SLAC

46. Next steps in Italy: (only half of the original budget available from the Research Ministry to support two programs) FERMI A VUV - FEL user facility at 40-100 nm SPARX An R&D program for a X-ray FEL test facility

47. SPARX- test facility • upgrade the DAFNE Linac to drive a 5-10 nm SASE-FEL • and with seeding • Beam energy : 1.2 - 1.5 GeV • upgrade the injector to a RF photo-injector (SPARC-like) • Study group will prepare • a proposal within 2005

48. SPARC Injector + DAFNE Linac SPARX-ino a 5-10 nm SASE FEL source at LNF E= .145 GeV E= .44 GeV E= 1.25 GeV f= -25° R56= 34 mm RF gun Linac 2 PC Linac 1 IV sz~ 50÷80 mm sd < 1 E-3 sz~ 210mm

49. RF gun Low Energy section

50. Etot ~ 1.5 GeV w 4 sections (3GHz) Etot ~ 2.1 GeV w 3 sections (11.4 GHz) Etot ~ 1.2 GeV Etot ~ 1.8 GeV w 2 sections (11.4 GHz) High energy section dogleg start