Lubricant Base Oils 润滑油基础油

1. Lubricant Base Oils润滑油基础油 September, 2007

2. Fluid Lubricant Composition 液体润滑油组成成份 Overall lubricant performance comes from both base oil and additives. 润滑油的总体性能由基础油和添加剂共同决定。

3. Base Oil Types 基础油类型

4. Lubricant Base Oils’ Important Properties 润滑油基础油的重要特性

5. Origins of Crude Oil 原油的成因 The traditional and most popular “Organic Theory”: 传统而最常见的“有机说” “Crude oil is derived from plant and animal matter laid down in ancient sea beds over millions of years. It was gradually covered by mud and rock and under pressure, heat and time became crude oil.” “动植物沉到几百万年之久的古老海底后，被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油”

6. Crude Oil Origins 原油的成因 Organic material laid down determines product (s) found when drilling into reservoir. 钻头钻进原油的储层时得到的原油的产品种类由沉积的有机物类型决定。 Often, reservoir will contain both crude oil and natural gas. 通常情况下，储层里既包含有原油也包含天然气。

7. Crude Oil Classification 原油的分类 • Crude oils’ physical and chemical properties vary considerably from type to type, and from location to location so crudes are “classified” by one, or more, criteria. 原油的物理性质和化学性质随类别和产地的不同而各异，因此人们采用一个或多个标准对原油进行“分类”。 • Traditionally, crude oil has been classified by: • 按传统，原油的分类标准有： • Chemical composition 化学成分 • Geography in which it is found 产地 • Sulfur content 硫含量

8. Chemical Composition 化学成分 All petroleum products, fuels or lubricants, are composed of hydrocarbon molecules—chemical combinations of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms. 所有的石油产品，燃料或润滑油，都是由烃分子组成的，即氢原子和碳原子按照一定的化学形式结合在一起。

9. Complex Crude Oil Mixture 复杂的原油混合物 • It’s been said that the he only thing more chemically complex than crude oil is the human body. • 有一种说法说原油是复杂性仅次于人体的事物。

10. Crude Oil Chemical Composition 原油的化学成分

11. Paraffinic Chemical Composition 链烷类原油的化学成分 Paraffinic crude oils contain a majority of molecules where hydrogen and carbon atoms are arranged in straight chains, like a ladder. 链烷类原油的大部分分子中的氢原子和碳原子是以直链的形式结合在一起的，状若梯子。 Methane甲烷 Ethane乙烷 Propane丙烷

12. Naphthenes Chemical Composition 环烷类原油的化学成分 Naphthenic crude oils contain a majority of hydrocarbon molecules having a ring-shaped structure. 环烷类原油的大部分烃类分子的结构呈环状。 Cyclohexane 环己烷

13. Aromatics Chemical Composition 芳香类原油的化学成分 Ring-shaped molecules that occur in crude oil called Aromatics, make good solvents, but are generally not desirable in lubricants. They can be removed or altered into desirable structures in some refining processes shown a bit later. 包含有环状结构的分子的原油叫芳香类原油，虽然它是很好的溶剂，但一般不属于润滑油中保留成份。可以将环状结构的分子移除或改成其他需要的结构。在随后的某些提炼工序的介绍中将说到这一点。

14. Mixed-base Chemical Composition 混合基原油的化学成分 Mixed-base crude oils do not have a majority of either Paraffinic or Naphthenic molecules. 混合基原油中既不包含大量的链烷类分子，也不包含大量的环烷类分子。 原子和分子 典型汽油分子 碳原子 氢原子 典型润滑油分子

15. Carbon 碳原子 Carbon has four places where it can attach to something else. In the examples of Paraffins below, the carbon is attached either to another carbon, or hydrogen leaving no “spaces” unattached to something. These molecules are “saturated” or full. 当与其他原子结合时，碳原子有四个位置可供连结。在下面所举的链烷类分子中，碳原子要么与其他碳原子相连，要么与氢原子相连，而不存在某处无连接的情况。这些分子均处在“饱和”的状态。

16. Aromatic and Olefin Molecule 芳香烃和烯烃分子 Aromatics and Olefins are “unsaturated.” They are not fully-bonded to either carbon or hydrogen. 芳香烃和烯烃为“不饱和”化合物，即指其碳原子的位置没有全部连满其他碳原子或氢原子。 Olefin 烯烃 Aromatic 芳香烃

17. Chemical Composition 化学成分 The most common example of instability is oxidation; a tendency to combine with oxygen. 最常见的不稳定性的例子为氧化现象；即具有与氧原子结合的趋向。

18. Crude Oil Types Performance Characteristics 原油特性分类

19. Paraffinic and Naphthenic Uses 链烷和环烷的用途

20. Geographic Description 产地描述 • Paraffinic: East Coast or “Pennsylvania” crude 链烷：产于美国东部海岸地区或被称作“宾夕法尼亚”原油 • Naphthenic: West Coast 环烷：产于美国西部海岸地区 • Mixed-Base: Texas or Oklahoma; “Mid-continent” crude These descriptors are still often used even though most crude production in these areas is now fairly limited. Over 48% of our current crude oil needs are served by imported oil. By 2020, that number is expected to increase to 62% 混合基石油：产于美国德克萨斯州或俄克拉荷马州；被称为“中大陆”原油 这些叫法仍被经常使用，尽管现在这些地方大部分的原油生产已被明令禁止。眼下我们需求的原油超过48％的部分依赖进口。到2020年，这个数字将增加到62％。

21. Classification by Sulfur Content 按硫含量进行分类 • Sweet crude: low sulfur 低硫原油：硫含量低 • Sour crude: high sulfur 高硫原油：硫含量高

22. Refining 炼油厂

23. Crude oil refining products are raw materials for thousands of other products • 原油提炼后得到的产品是许多其他产品的原材料 • In order to make products, the crude must first be separated into its various components • 在生产产品前，必须先将原油按其成分进行分离。 • The primary method used is distillation • 蒸馏是用来分离原油成份的主要方法

24. Simple Distillation 粗蒸馏 Heat is added to something until it boils and turns into a gas. That gas can then be cooled until it turns back into a liquid. 粗蒸馏是指将某物体加热直到其达到沸点，变成气体状态，然后将该气体冷却，使其重又变回液体。 In this example, water is boiled. The steam condensed back into distilled water. The minerals that were dissolved in the water remain in the flask. 在这个例子中，水被烧开了变成了水蒸气。水蒸气冷凝后变成蒸馏水。先前溶解在水中的矿物质被留在了烧瓶中。 温度计 冷凝器 玻璃烧瓶 量筒 加热

25. Principles of Distillation 蒸馏原理 Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons, each with it’s own boiling point 原油是各种烃分子的混合物，每种烃分子的沸点都不同 挥发性 加热时 蒸气冷凝时 液体成分 沸点 低 高 轻质烃 最后液化 最先汽化 高 低 最先液化 重质烃 最后汽化

26. Hydrocarbon Boiling Ranges 烃分子沸点范围 • Below 0°F Gases • 温度低于0°F 气体 • About 32-400°F Gasoline, Solvents • 温度约为 32-400°F时汽油，溶剂 • About 400-650°F Diesel, Heating Oils • 温度约为400-650°F时 柴油，民用燃料油 • 650°F+ Lube Oils, Fuels • 温度为650°F+时 润滑油，燃料

27. Fractional Distillation 分馏 • Fractional distillation is used to separate components of complex mixtures such as crude oil • 分馏是用来分离复杂混合物如原油中的各种组成成分的一种方法 • Crude oil is heated to about 6500F and brought into the bottom of a distillation column • 将原油加热至华氏650度后将其装入分馏塔底部 • As vapors rise in the column, they cool and condense at different levels or “cuts” • 蒸汽在从底部往上升的过程中逐渐变冷并最终在不同的温度下冷凝 冷却 逆流 塔顶馏分 进料处 下落管 球状盖 提升管 塔底产品 加热

28. Butane & lighter <90ºF 丁烷及更轻质烷Straight run gasoline 90º - 220ºF 直馏汽油 Naphtha 220º - 315ºF 挥发油 Kerosene 315º - 450ºF 煤油 Light gas oil 450º - 650ºF 轻瓦斯油 Heavy gas oil 650º - 800ºF 重瓦斯油 Straight run residue 800ºF+ 直馏柴油 Distillation Column/Tower 分馏塔

29. Typical Modern Fractionating Tower & Products 典型现代分馏塔及其产品 汽油 非稳定性直馏汽油 煤油 球状盖 柴油 瓦斯油 重瓦斯油 加热器 原油 待真空蒸馏的直馏柴油

30. Refinery Schematic 炼油厂示意图 • Additional processes are required to turn “cuts” into finished products. Some are shown here. • 要将各种馏分变成成品则需许多额外的工序，图中所示为其中的某些工序 • Lubricant base oils start here, but follow different path through refinery. • 润滑油基础油在相同的地方开始精炼，但接下来的精炼工序则各异

31. Lubricant Refining 润滑油精炼法

32. Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏 • At atmospheric pressure, the temperature required to boil the lube fraction (1000°F) is high enough to damage or “crack” oil molecules • 在常压下，润滑油馏分达到沸点所需的高温(1000°F)会破坏或“裂解”油分子 • Thermally cracked material results in product quality problems and operating problems in the atmospheric distillation unit • 热裂解后的物质将导致产品质量问题和常压蒸馏设备的操作问题 • Under a vacuum, boiling temperatures are reduced to a safe level and oils can be vaporized without thermal cracking • 在真空条件下，沸点温度降低至安全的范围，各种油均可以在不被热裂解的前提下得到汽化 • Vacuum distillation is used to separate lube oil fractions, or “cuts” • 真空蒸馏可以用来分离润滑油的各种馏分

33. Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏 普通汽油 直馏汽油 直馏汽油 重整装置 高辛烷值汽油 混合与添加处理 高级汽油 煤油 煤油及轻重油 脱硫作用 原油蒸馏 柴油 民用燃料油 高辛烷值汽油 汽油 裂化装置 重油及柴油机燃料 The lube stream 已加热的原油 流体润滑油 残渣 脱腊 混合与添加处理 真空蒸馏 中性油 溶剂精炼 润滑油料 成品润滑油 亮滑油料 溶剂精炼 脱腊 Vacuum distillation unit 真空蒸馏装置

34. Base Oils or Base Stocks 基础油 • Additional processes, such as deasphalting, dewaxing, and solvent extraction, yield finished base oils • 通过增加若干工序后，如：脱沥青、脱蜡、溶剂萃取等，成品基础油最后得以生产出来。 • The lube stream produces several Neutral “cuts” and one Bright Stock “cut” • 从流体润滑油可以得到多种中性油和一种亮滑油料。 真空蒸馏 溶剂脱蜡 降低润滑油的凝固点 溶剂萃取 提高润滑油的稳定性 丙烷脱沥青 除去真空渣油中的沥青 中性油 甲基乙基酮 经脱沥青的油 亮滑油料 丙烷脱沥青 疏松石蜡 萃取 沥青 有毒无效成分 真空渣油 高凝固点成分

35. Base Oil Types 基础油的类型 • Neutrals 中性油 • Name derived from being pH neutral 以pH值为中性而得名 • Low to moderate viscosity blend components for ATFs, engine oils, hydraulic fluids, etc. 具有中低等粘度，为ATFs、机器润滑油、液压机液体等的调和组分 • Bright Stocks 精致润滑油料 • Name derived from bright color 以浅色得名 • High viscosity blend components for heavy engine oils, gear oils, and industrial oils 具有高等粘度，为重发动机油、齿轮油、工业用油等的调和组分 Base oils produced using this process are called “solvent refined mineral oils” 通过该工序制成的基础油被称为“溶剂精制矿物油”

36. Base Oil Types 基础油的类型 • Solvent refined mineral oils have been backbone of the lubricants industry for many years and still make up large share of base oils used to make lubricants 许多年来，溶剂精制矿物油一直是润滑油产业的支柱部分，到现在它仍然是生产润滑油用的基础油的重要组成部分 • Performance required from lubricants in some areas, however, is too much to expect from these base oils, and new, higher performing base oils, are needed 然而因为用于某些用途的润滑油对基础油的性能有很多要求，所以人们开始需求一种新的性能更优越的基础油 • New refining technology has been developed to produce these base oils 新的精炼技术已经研发成功用以生产这类基础油

37. API Base Oil Group 美国API基础油分类标准 Development of new base oils, prompted the need to differentiate them. API (American Petroleum Institute) set up Base Oil Groups that identify one base oil from another. Qualities that make base oil groups different are sulfur, % saturates, and viscosity index. 随着新的基础油的出现，需要对基础油进行重新分类。美国API设立了基础油分类标准用以区分不同的基础油。基础油质量的区分标准包括硫含量，饱和烃含量和粘度指数 。

38. API Base Oil Groups 美国API基础油分类标准 Base oils are grouped (I to V) based on their sulfur content, % saturates, and Viscosity Index 根据硫含量，饱和烃含量和粘度指数，基础油被分为以下几类

39. API Base Oil Groups 美国API基础油分类标准 • Group I base oils are basically the solvent refined mineral oils we have previously mentioned I类基础油基本是上述溶剂精制矿物油 • Treating base oil to further refining in the presence of catalysts and hydrogen, can lower the sulfur content and increase the percentage of saturates. These are “hydrotreating” type processes 在加催化剂和高压氢气的条件下对原油进一步精炼可以降低硫含量，增加饱和烃含量。这些属于“加氢处理”类型的过程 • Since saturates are stable molecules, increasing their percentage increases the stability of the base oil so it can resist oxidation and other forms of thermal degradation 由于饱和烃是稳定分子，增加它们的含量可以增加原油的稳定性，从而增加它们的抗氧化性和的耐其他形式的热降解的能力 • These, more saturated base oils, would be Group II 这些饱和烃含量更高的原油属于II类

40. API Base Oil Groups 美国API基础油分类标准 • If more severe refining steps are taken, low Viscosity Index molecules can be changed and the Viscosity Index of the base oil will be increased. These are “hydrocracking” type processes 在经过更严格的精炼后，粘度指数低的分子将发生改变，从而原油的粘度指数将得到提高。这些属于“加氢处理”类型的过程 • If base oil Viscosity Index goes above 120, it is now considered a Group III 在原油的粘度指数变为120以上后，则将被归为III类 • Base oils with VI this high can perform equally or better in some applications than base oils traditionally thought of as “synthetic” (PAOs, diesters, etc.) VI类的原油在某些用途上具有和传统的原油像“合成油” (聚a-烯烃 、二元酸酯类等)同样或比其更好的性能 • For this reason, lubricants made with Group III base oils can be sold as “synthetics” 出于这个原因，用III类的基础油制成的润滑油可以当作“合成油”出售

41. API Base Oil Groups 美国API基础油分类标准 • Group IV is reserved for Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) IV类专门指的是聚a-烯烃 (PAOs) • These are chemical synthetic base oils that are synthesized hydrocarbons 这些化学合成的基础油为合成烃 • These base oils have: 这些基础油具有如下性质： • High temperature stability 高温稳定性 • Low temperature fluidity 低温流动性 • High VI (>140)高粘度指数 • Low volatility 低挥发性

42. API Base Oil Groups 美国API基础油分类标准 Group V is a “catch-all” category. It not only contains most of the remaining chemical synthetic base oils, but also Naphthenic mineral oils V类是属于“全捕捉”类型的基础油，它不仅包含余下未归类的大部分化学合成的基础油，也包括环烷类的矿物油

43. Summary 总结

44. Performance of Base Oils 基础油性能

45. What is Hydrocracking?什么是加氢裂化 ？ • Refining process in which middle and heavy distillate fractions are cracked (broken into smaller molecules) and reformed in presence of hydrogen at extreme pressures and temperatures. 一种精炼工序，将中油和重油馏分裂化成更小的分子，并在超高压和超高温下加氢进行重组 • An alternative to solvent refining technology which allows production of a far more pure and stable base stock. 一种可用来替代溶剂精炼技术生产纯度更高和性能更稳定的基础润滑油

46. What is Hydrocracking?什么是加氢裂化 ？ • Hydrocracking chemically rearranges less stable crude oil molecules into stable molecules. • 加氢裂化是指通过化学作用将不够稳定的原油分子重组，使其变成更稳定的分子 • Result: stable structure lubricant, water clear and free of impurities. ConocoPhillips refines and markets these base oils as “Hydroclear” • 效果：润滑油结构稳定，无水，无杂质。康菲将基础油进行精炼并将其当作“氢净分子 ”出售

47. The Hydrocracking Process 加氢裂化过程 Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏 Catalytic Hydrocracking催化加氢裂化 Catalytic Isodewaxing催化异构脱蜡 Final Catalytic Hydrotreating 最终催化加氢裂化

48. Solvent-Refining Process 溶剂精炼过程 Solvent Dewaxing 溶剂脱蜡 Atmospheric Distillation 常压分馏 Solvent Extraction 溶剂萃取 Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏 Hydrocracking Process Atmospheric Distillation 常压分馏 Vacuum Distillation 真空蒸馏 Catalytic Hydrocracking 催化加氢裂化 Catalytic Isodewaxing 催化异构脱蜡 Final Catalytic Hydrotreating 最终催化加氢裂化 Comparison of Processes 加工过程比较

49. Comparison of Base Oils 基础油比较 Solvent-refined mineral oil 溶剂精炼矿物油 HydroclearTM Hydrocracked Base Oil HydroclearTM加氢裂化基础油

50. Hydrocracked Product Benefits 加氢裂化产品的益处 • Cleaner products...99.9% pure 产品更纯净......纯度达99.9% • Free of Aromatics and heavy metals 不含芳香烃和重金属 • Non-toxic (reduced environmental risks) 无毒性（减少环境污染的风险） • No staining from base oil (water white) 不带有基础油颜色（无色透明 ） • Superior thermal and oxidation stability 优良的热稳定性和氧化安定性 • Higher VI’s = improved thermal stability 粘度指数更高，相当于提高了热稳定性 • Extended oil service life (2-5 times) 油的使用寿命延长（2到5倍） • Reduced lubricant consumption 润滑油的消耗量减少 • Lower oil refill or top-off costs 降低了重新注油的费用