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Practical Guide: Media Claims Reporting in ESS Round 6

This training package provides a practical guide on how to report media claims in ESS Round 6, including selecting newspapers, recording claims, and following media claims guidelines.

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Practical Guide: Media Claims Reporting in ESS Round 6

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  1. Training Package:Practical Guide Media Claims Reportinground 6 ESS 2012Version 1.0 April 2012 Henk Fernee, Ineke Stoop (SCP) and Eric Harrison (City)

  2. Short Overview:Training Guide Media Claims in ESS Round 6 • What to do? • Select twonewspapers • Make a selection of relevant newsfrom the newspapers • Record claims for ten weeks in a standardised SPSS file (provided) • Send file to CST

  3. Short Overview:Training Guide Media Claims in ESS Round 6 • Pleaseuse Media Claims Guidelines as reference • Containing: explanation, history, ESS claims codebook and ESS issue coding schemeround 6 • Contact person Media Claims CST: Henk Fernee h.fernee@scp.nl

  4. Sources: • Newspapers • Articles • Claims • Coding Period

  5. Sources: Newspapers • Select twonationalqualitynewspapers(preferableoneleft/ one right orientated). • Onlypaper versionshouldbeused

  6. Sources: Newspapers • Paper versioncanbefound • LexisNexis database • other (online) newspaper databases (e.g.: http://www.pressdisplay.com) • website of newspaper (only digital version of the printedversion) • the newspaperitself

  7. Sources: Newspapers • Send a media landscape document of the newspapersin advance to CST (h.fernee@scp.nl) • A short description with information regarding the newspapers • Possiblesources of information: http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/www.wikipedia.org

  8. Media landscape document shouldinclude: • Name of the newspaper • Leftor right leaning/ politicalorientated • Average daily circulation (year/month) • Founded in the year • Headquarter (location) • Source (of information media landscape)

  9. Sources: Newspapers • Media landscape document, example UK • The Times • Centre-right • Approximately 405.000 (January 2012) • 1785 • London • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times • The Guardian • Left wing liberal • Approximately 230.000 (October 2011) • 1821 • London • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian

  10. Sources: Articles • Not code entirenewspaper • Onlypartswith‘important news’ • Differsbetweencountries • Parts to code (mostly): • the front page • home newssection(orfirst few pages) • Foreignnewsonlyif relevant forown country (and related to questionnaire)

  11. Frontpagesomenewspapersaround the ESS: different structures!

  12. Sources: Articles • Discuss the selection of news in advancewith CST (h.fernee@scp.nl)

  13. Sources: Claims • Whoclaimed (How) What • The claims are the unit of analysis • Onlyifrelated to topic of questionnaire (see coding scheme; page 9 guidelines) • Optional • “To Whom” (addresee) • type of “Who” (actor)

  14. Coding scheme: overview • Reliance on media (television) • Community relations • Political engagement • Trust in political institutions • Collective action/ actions by members of the civil society • Salience of political parties • Personal wellbeing and life satisfaction • Perception of national performance • Limits of state intervention • Enlargement/Deepening EU interaction • Ethnic difference and immigration • Economic effects of immigration • Cultural diversity (within the country) • Violent crimes targeting individuals and perception of safety in the local environment • Religion • Religiosity and attendance/participation • Discrimination

  15. Coding scheme: details Related to questions in ESS R6 survey • Reliance on media • Questionnaire category- questions A1 to A2 in the questionnaire. • Claims relating to how much people depend on television, for informational or other purposes. • Community relations • Questionnaire category- questions A3 to A5 in the questionnaire. • Claims relating to the state of relations between different communities in a country, including aspects of mutual trust, harmony and influence. • Political engagement • Questionnaire category- questions B1 and B9 in the questionnaire. • Claims relating to people’s involvement with politics in the country, how much do they feel they can understand and engage with it, do they feel involved in the political processes in their own country. • Trust in political institutions • Questionnaire category – questions B2 to B8 in the questionnaire. • Claims relating to public’s trust in macro political institutions and bodies, people’s perception of the role of these bodies. • Collective action/ actions by members of the civil society • Questionnaire category - questions B11 to B17 in the questionnaire. • How active are people as members of the civil society in making their opinions/stance known by taking some sort of action. • Salience of political parties • Questionnaire category – questions B18a to B18c in the questionnaire. • Prominence of national political parties in people’s perception or claims made in relation to a specific political party.

  16. Sources: Coding Period • Onlyduringweekdays • Starts one week beforefieldworks starts • Maximum of ten weeks coding • most countries will have contacted in the first nine weeks the largest part of the total sample • this relatively short period of coding will decrease the time burden especially for countries with (much) lengthier fieldwork • If fieldwork period is shorter, only in this weeks claims should be coded

  17. Sources: Coding Period • In first week twocodersto code someclaims in parallel • Discussdifferences • Reduce subjectivity at the beginning of coding and help to find the difficulties

  18. Claims-making acts: ‘claims’ definition The unit of analysis for capturing the ideological contents is a ‘claims-making act’ or ‘claim’. This is a strategic action in the public sphere. It consists of intentional public speech acts which articulate political demands, calls to action, proposals, and criticisms, which, actually or potentially, affect the interests or integrity of claimants and/or other collective actors in a specific issue-field.

  19. Claims-making acts: coded variables in theory • Location of claim in time and space (WHEN and WHERE is the claim made?) • Actor making claim (WHO makes the claim?) • Form of claim (HOW is the claim inserted in the public sphere?) • Substantive issue of claim (WHAT is the claim about?) • Addressee of claim (AT WHOM is the claim directed?) • Justification for claim (WHY should this action be undertaken?) • Constituency actor: who would be affected by the claim if it were realised (FOR/AGAINST WHOM?) • In a simple form: at a time and place (1.) an event occurs, where an actor (2.) mobilises a speech act (3.) that raises a claim about an issue (4.) which addresses another actor (5.) calling for a response, on the basis of a justifying argumentation (6.). The claim is made with reference to a public constituency, whose interests are affected (7.).

  20. Claims coding: coded variables in practice • For the ESS round 6 we onlyuse: • Location of claim in time and space (WHEN and WHERE is the claim made?/ DATE and NEWSPAPER) • Actor making claim (WHO makes the claim?) • Form of claim (HOW is the claim inserted in the public sphere?) • Substantive issue of claim (WHAT is the claim about?) • Addressee of claim (AT WHOM is the claim directed?) (optional) • Justification for claim (WHY should this action be undertaken?) • Constituency actor: who would be affected by the claim if it were realised (FOR/AGAINST WHOM?)

  21. Identificationprocess claims • Checkifarticle is relevant to ESS-questions*: headline, lead etc. and first 150 words • If relevant to ESS-questions, read more carefully; otherwiseignorearticle • Identifyif claims are related to ESS-questions; otherwiseignore *coding scheme in media claims guidelines, page 9

  22. Identificationprocess claims • Claims: verbs indicating action include, e.g., said, stated, demanded, criticised, decided, demon­strated, published, voted, wrote, arrested. Nouns directly referring to such action include, e.g., statement, letter, speech, report, blockade, deportation, decision. • In short: anything that fits into one of the categories in the HOW variable. The occurrence in the report of such verbs or nouns is a precondition for the coding of a claim. • Reports that only refer to ‘states of mind’ or motivations should not be coded (e.g., references such as want, are in favour of, oppose, are reluctant to, are divided over).

  23. Identificationprocess claims • Each article can comprise zero, one or more claims. • The claims are the unit of analysis.

  24. Example of selectingarticles and claims • Onlypartswith‘important news’ • Steps: • Start withfrontpage(mostly) • Then home newssection(mostlyfirst few pages) • Foreignnewsonlyif relevant forown country (and related to ESS-questionnaire) (mostlyno coding international pages) • Do not code articlesappearing in othersections of the newspaper, such as Sports, Financial, Media, Comments & DebateWeather etc...

  25. Background (editorial) story not code claims (Editorials do not count as claims) Example: Frontpage The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Obviouslyalsonoadvertising

  26. Foreignnews Withnorelevance No coding!

  27. Start check headline, lead, (if present) photo and photo byline for relevance Notclearifarticle is relevant, Read first 150 words

  28. Maximum of 150 words reading maintext, to check relevance If relevant readwholearticlecarefully • Issue: Doctors withinabortion services underpressure • Related to health?? (e.g. 8.5 Perception of national performance; health) • But no relation to perception of performance (it is about the climate in abortion) • No coding!

  29. NO advertisements Example: Second page The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Continuation of frontpage, No coding Next page

  30. Aboutaid and oilcosts (by reading headline and lead) No relevance to ESS (coding scheme) No coding

  31. Example: Third page The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Not relevant for coding scheme

  32. Example: 4th page The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Issue: more power to monitor the web; to protect the public against crime and terrorism Not relevant for coding scheme

  33. Example: 5th page The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Next page

  34. Relevant for to coding scheme; Related to 8.2: Perception of national performance, Goverment (see later page in how coding) No further ‘new’ claims in article

  35. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Continuation of background story on frontpage, No coding

  36. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Culturalnews, Not relevant No coding! Survey results, No coding! (Articlesaboutsurveysresults are neverincluded in media claims coding. However, when the persons or institutions responsible for the survey or the interviews use the results to formulate demands, to criticise other actors, etc., or when they explicitly state their agreement or disagreement with the survey results. This actor will be coded, and not the respondent!)

  37. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Background story withnorelevancefor coding scheme, No coding

  38. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Aboutarmedforces, Not relevant No coding Aboutindividual case, Not relevant No coding

  39. Related to coding scheme! Political Party identity of actor, Labour (6.2) Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Individual story, no coding Labour’s failure to connect with young Asian voters and Muslim women is to blame for the loss of the previously safe Bradford West seat last week, the shadow home secretary, Yvette Cooper, said yesterday.

  40. First 150 wordsaboutnew job priest, Not relevant Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Aboutfreedom of speech, Not relevant

  41. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Aboutmovie, Not relevant, No coding

  42. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Foreignnews with no relevance to the coding scheme, No coding

  43. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 No coding of international pages

  44. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 No coding of financial pages

  45. Example: pages The Guardian, 2 April 2012 Reviews Comments, Media, Weather ……… AND SO ON, NO CODING

  46. Examples of Coding Claims • If a relevant article in a newspaper is found, the search for claims starts • In the nextseveralslidesexampleswillbegiven in how to code claims

  47. Steps in finding claims • Steps: • Find the HOW variable • Is itrelated to topic (coding scheme)? • WHO (actor) made the claim • WHAT (Issuefield) is the claim about (related to ESS-questions) • Direction of claim • OPTIONAL: addressee and type of actor

  48. 1) Find the HOW variable • Claims: verbs indicating action include, e.g., said, stated, demanded, criticised, decided, demonstrated, published, voted, wrote, arrested. Nouns directly referring to such action include, e.g., statement, letter, speech, report, blockade, deportation, decision. • In short: anything that fits into one of the categories in the HOW variable. The occurrence in the report of such verbs or nouns is a precondition for the coding of a claim. • Reports that only refer to ‘states of mind’ or motivations should not be coded (e.g., references such as want, are in favour of, oppose, are reluctant to, are divided over).

  49. 2) Is itrelated to topic (coding scheme)? • Reliance on media (television) • Community relations • Political engagement • Trust in political institutions • Collective action/ actions by members of the civil society • Salience of political parties • Personal wellbeing and life satisfaction • Perception of national performance • Limits of state intervention • Enlargement/Deepening EU interaction • Ethnic difference and immigration • Economic effects of immigration • Cultural diversity (within the country) • Violent crimes targeting individuals and perception of safety in the local environment • Religion • Religiosity and attendance/participation • Discrimination

  50. 3) WHO (actor) made the claim • The actor that makes the claim • An individual or collective subject must be present in order for a statement/ action to count as an instance of claim-making. • Journalists do not qualify as actors • ACTOR may not be missing in the case of verbal statements • In dataset: First and last name and role (e.g., prime minster)

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