The Communication Process

1. The Communication Process Good communication skills are among the most important ingredients contributing to the performance enhancement and personal growth of sport and exercise participants.

2. Purposes of Communication • Persuasion • Evaluation • Information • Motivation • Problem Solving

3. Types of Communication • Interpersonal communication (at least two persons in a meaningful exchange) • Nonverbal communication • Intrapersonal communication (self-talk– the communication we have with ourselves)

4. The CommunicationProcess

6. Breakdowns in Communication I KNOW YOU BELIEVE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU THINK I SAID-  BUT I'M NOT SURE YOU REALIZE THAT WHAT YOU HEARD IS NOT WHAT I MEANT. • Sender Failures: • Receiver Failures:

7. Sending Messages Effectively • Nonverbal message characteristics • physical appearance • posture • body position • gestures • touching • facial expression • voice characteristics

8. Sending Messages Effectively • The importance of nonverbal messages:

9. Sending Messages Effectively • 1. Be direct. • 2. Own your message. • 3. Be complete and specific. • 4. Be clear and consistent. • 5. State your needs and feelings clearly. • 6. Separate fact from opinion.

10. Sending Messages Effectively • 7. Focus on one thing at a time. • 8. Deliver messages immediately. • 9. Avoid hidden agendas. • 10. Be supportive. • 11. Be consistent with your nonverbal messages. • 12. Reinforce with repetition.

11. Sending Messages Effectively • 13. Make messages appropriate to the receiver’s frame of reference. • 14. Look for feedback that your message was accurately interpreted.

12. Receiving Messages Effectively • Active Listening • Asking questions • Paraphrasing • Attending to main and supporting ideas • Acknowledging and responding • Paying attention to the speaker’s total communication (verbal and nonverbal)

13. Receiving Messages Effectively • Instill + Attitude about active listening: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Approaches to Influencing Behavior Positiveapproach Focuses on rewarding appropriate behavior, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future. Negativeapproach Focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviors.

15. Approaches to Influencing Behavior Most coaches and instructors combine positive and negative approaches. Sport psychologists agree that the predominant approach with physical activity and sport participants should be positive because the negative approach often instills fear in participants.

16. Positive Reinforcement 1. Choose effective reinforcers (e.g., social time; fun practice activity). 2. Timing or schedule of reinforcement. Early learning—continuous and immediate reinforcement desirable Learned skill—intermittent and immediate reinforcement desirable 3. Shape or reinforce successful approximations of difficult behaviors. 4. Reward performance, as well as outcome….hitting line drives (continued)

17. Positive Reinforcement 5. Reward effort. ********** 6. Reward emotional & social skill on & off the field (good sport; staying in control) 7. Provide knowledge of results (instructional feedback regarding the correctness or incorrectness of an action).

18. The Sandwich Approach to Constructive Criticism • A positive statement. • Future-oriented instruction. • A compliment.

19. Punishment Punishment can control and change behavior but 80 to 90% of communications should be positive Drawbacks of punishment