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The mean- square open- circuit voltage (e) across a resistor (R) is:

Thermal Noise. The mean- square open- circuit voltage (e) across a resistor (R) is: e n = √ (4kT K RΔf) where: T K is Temperature (ºK) R is Resistance (Ω) f is frequency (Hz) k is Boltzmann’s constant

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The mean- square open- circuit voltage (e) across a resistor (R) is:

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  1. Thermal Noise The mean- square open- circuit voltage (e) across a resistor (R) is: en = √ (4kTKRΔf) where: TK is Temperature (ºK) R is Resistance (Ω) f is frequency (Hz) k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.381E-23 joule/ºK) en is volts (VRMS) To convert Temperature Kelvin to TK = 273.15oC + TC Random motion of charges generate noise

  2. Thermal Noise Noise Spectral Density vs. Resistance en density = √ (4kTKR) Noise Spectral Density vs. Resistance nV/rt-Hz Resistance (Ohms) Resistance versus Spectral Density

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