From www.indiana.edu

1. From www.indiana.edu

2. Airstream Mechanisms Ways of initiating airflow

3. Creating Pressure • We initiate airflow by creating pressure in the vocal tract. • Direction of initiatory movement creates 2 types of pressure: • Positive Pressure = Egressive = Outgoing • Negative Pressure = Ingressive = Incoming

4. Intitation atlungs Initiation at glottis Initiation at velum Six Initiation Types Pulmonic Egressive (common) Pulmonic Ingressive (rare) Glottalic Egressive (Ejectives) Glottalic Ingressive (Implosives) Velaric Egressive (Clicks) Velaric Ingressive (Not used) 3 Locations of Initiation

5. Pulmonic Initiation • Pulmonic Egressive – most common mechanism • Air comes from lungs, through trachea and larynx & and out mouth or nose • Plosives, Stops in English, all vowels • [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], etc. • Pulmonic Ingressive – very rare • Speaking while sucking in

6. From Ladefoged 1993

7. Glottalic Initiation Air is trapped between glottis (vocal folds) & somewhere above in the vocal tract. The larynx is then either raised or lowered, which makes air more or less dense. The oral closure is released, and glottalic initiation is produced.

8. Glottalic Egressive – Ejectives • Also known as “glottalized” • Raised laryrnx – closed glottis pushes upwards, compresses air, pushes air out • [p’], [b’], [t’], [d’], [k’], [g’], etc. • Glotallic Ingressive– Implosives • Lowered laryrnx – closed glottis pushes downwards, makes air less dense, sucks air in • [], [], []

9. Ejectives Close glottis Make closure in oral tract Raise larynx Release oral closure Open glottis Implosives Close glottis Make closure in oral tract Lower larynx Release oral closure Open glottis Steps in Glottalic Initiation

10. Ejective From Ladefoged 1993

11. Implosive From Ladefoged 1993

12. Velaric Initiation • Tongue dorsum (back) closes at velum, as if making a [k] (Hence: velaric) • Make closure somewhere else, more forward, in mouth • Move tongue down (which decreases pressure) • Release front closure • Air rushes into mouth • Release velaric closure • Known as “clicks”

13. It is only possible to have ingressive velaric initiation; egressive is not possible • It is possible to overlay nasalization on clicks by sending air through nasal cavity

14. From Ladefoged 1993

15. Practice • Practice glottal stops (uh-oh) • Practice raising glottis (singing high) • Practice lowering glottis (singing low) • Put together for Ejectives & Implosives… • Make glottal stop Make oral closure • Raise/Lower Larynx Release oral closure • Release glottal stop

16. Many have made clicks as “sound effects” • Bilabial clicks – slight kissing sound • Dental clicks – “Tsk tsk” sound • Alveolar lateral clicks – horse-calling sound

17. Self-Test Which initiation type? • Pressure builds completely in mouth • Air in pharynx is rarified (made less dense) • First step is glottal closure • Most commonly made sounds • Compressed air in pharynx causes air to release with outwards with force

18. Also known as plosives • Common in some South African languages • First step is closure at soft palate • Also known as glottalized • Possible ingressives • Impossible sounds

19. Pressure builds completely in mouth * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS) • Air in pharynx is rarified (made less dense) * GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE (IMPLOSIVES) • First step is glottal closure * GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE & EGRESSIVE (IMPLOSIVES & EJECTIVES) • Most commonly made sounds * PULMONIC EGRESSIVES (PLOSIVES) • Compressed air in pharynx causes air to release outwards with force * GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES)

20. Also known as plosives * PULMONIC EGRESSIVE (PLOSIVES) • Common in some South African languages * VELARIC INGRESSIVES (CLICKS) • First step is closure at soft palate * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS) • Also known as “glottalized” * GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES) • Possible ingressives * PULMONIC INGRESSIVES (RARE), VELARIC INGRESSIVES (CLICKS), GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVES (IMPLOSIVES) • Impossible sounds * VELARIC EGRESSIVES