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Feeding Methods

Feeding Methods. Introduction. Things to know The nutritional value of feeds Animal requirements of nutrients Nutrients intake Availability of feed ingredients. Supply. Demand. Cont. Energy content of the diet Balance among nutrients. Example: A 70 kg sheep loses ~ 1,600 Kcal as HP

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Feeding Methods

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  1. Feeding Methods

  2. Introduction • Things to know • The nutritional value of feeds • Animal requirements of nutrients • Nutrients intake • Availability of feed ingredients Supply Demand

  3. Cont. • Energy content of the diet • Balance among nutrients • Example: • A 70 kg sheep loses ~ 1,600 Kcal as HP • ~ 1.2 kg/d of hay (medium quality, GE=5,300 Kcal) needed to cover this loss • “Maintenance requirement”

  4. Energy requirements • Of this GE of 5,300 Kcal • ~2,400 Kcal lost in feces • ~600 Kcal lost in urine & fermentation gases • ~ 2,300 Kcal lost in HP • Another example: in a cow-calf system • ~40% lost in feces • ~10% lost in urine & gases • ~ 45% lost in HP • ~ 5% retained in the calf

  5. Cont. • The purpose of nutrient utilization • Maintenance • Production • Growth (fat/muscle deposition) • Milk production • The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance • Fed at Maintenance + energy tissue mobilization ~ 67%

  6. Cont. Milk production • Relatively tight range: 0.56 (poor diet) to 0.66 (best quality) efficiency • Energy tissue (mobilization) utilization: ~ 0.84 Efficiency milk > meat Quick removal of the product High producer > low producer genetic selection for more milk yield

  7. Protein requirements • Crude protein (CP): N × 6.25 • All N are presented in protein form • All proteins contain 16% N • In reality; true protein & NPN • Digestible CP • Endogenous N • Proteins from intestine (e.g., enzymes)

  8. Cont. • Rumen degradation of proteins can be determined: • Solubility • In vitro • In saco • Whole animal exp. • Essential AA: His, Ile, Lue, Lys. Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val • Rumen degradable (RDP) and un-degradable (RUP or UDP) • Metabolizable protein (MP)

  9. Cont. • MP: digestible total AA from • microbial proteins • Feed proteins escaping rumen degradation but digested & absorbed in the small intestine • Degradability is determined: • Fraction A: soluble (or lost through the bag) • Fraction B: potentially degradable (passage rate & degradability rate) • Fraction C: Undegradable N

  10. Cont. RDP = A + B [kd/(kd+kp)] RUP=100-RDP Where RDP, RUP, fractions A, B & C are % of CP Kd & kp are %/hr Degradation of NPN=0.949 Microbial CP(g/d) =130 ×TDN intake (RDP intake>1.18 × MCP) Microbial CP(g/d) =0.85 ×TDN intake (RDP intake<1.18 × MCP)

  11. Cont. Endogenous N (g/d) = 1.9 ×DMI (kg/d) The efficiency with which MP is used for • Maintenance=0.67 • Pregnancy=0.33 • Milk synthesis=0.67 • Efficiency of MCP to MP= 0.64 • AA model: AA requirement, AA content, efficiency • Met & Lys • 2.4 & 7.2% of MP or 1:3 ratio

  12. Feeding Dairy cows • A minimum of ~ 17% CF (changes relative to production) • At least 5-6 feed items • No undesired odor/color/taste associated w/ feeds • Primiparous cows (1st lactation) : + 20% maintenance energy (ME) • Multiparous cows (2nd lactation) : + 10% maintenance energy (ME) • Multiparous cows (3rd lactation): mature

  13. Heifers • b/w weaning & age at 1st calving (~24 month): 8-10 times BW gain • Physiologically, rumen performs near complete at 4 month old but not in terms of its capacity: ~ 12-14 month • ~45% mature BW at 1st breeding • Last trimester: ~ 40% fetus BW gain • 20% addition of energy on top (if 1st calving)

  14. Feeding calves • Dip naval • ~ 2 liters colostrum at birth • ~ 2 liters within the next 12-24 h • Continue for 3 d • It works!!!! Passive immunity • ~ 65% of operations do so by bucket or bottle

  15. Cont. • Sometimes, it is more beneficial to use milk replacer • More saving when higher milk price Water at day 3 Cocccidiostat in milk replacer

  16. Weaning- traditional • Day 4 to weaning: • Milk replacer (~13% DM) at 10% BW/d • At least 20% CP & 15% fat • Twice/d • Calf starter (commercially available) • Free choice • 16-20% CP • Not much forage

  17. Cont. • Wean ~ 5-6 wk: when eating 0.5-0.7 kg starter/d for at least 3 consecutive d • Milk to 50% during 1st wk and totally in 2nd wk • Leave in individual pen/calf starter for 1-2 wk before moving to group pen/grain mix • ~ 37% wean at wk 8; ~9% at wk 7; ~ 18% at wk 6; ~ 28% wean after wk 8

  18. Calf starter intake and growth (Eastridge and Weiss; 2005)

  19. Weaning- accelerated growth • At day 4, milk replacer • 14-17% DM (more solids) • 26-28% CP (more protein); same fat content • ~ 2-2.2 liters twice/d for wk 1 • 2.7-3.6 liters twice/d for wk 2 to wk 4-5 • 2.7-3.6 liters once/d for 1 wk at weaning • At day 4, calf starter • 20-22% CP (more protein) • Intake is ~ half vs. traditional weaning

  20. Cont. • Wean at 6-7 wk; when eating ~ 1 kg starter/d for 3 consecutive d • Continue high quality calf starter to 10-12 wk age • Offer forage when eating 2.2 to 2.7 kg starter/d

  21. Comparison between Accelerated vs. Traditional Advantages Disadvantages • Shorter time to breeding (20-30 d sooner) • Increased gain efficiency • Increased milk yield ?? • Health & immune system ??? • Increased feed costs • More loose feces • Delayed rumen development • Intensive management

  22. Growing heifers • To give birth ~ 23-24 months old • Should reach certain BW (+ certain height) • Example: 8 mo ~500 to 575 lb (~ 43 in) 10 mo ~600 to 700 lb (~ 45 in) 12 mo ~700 to 780 lb (~ 47 in) 14 mo ~780 to 900 lb ( ~ 49 in) Jersey: 14 mo 525 to 575 lb (~44 in)) Goal: (Holstein) ADG of ~1.7 lb/d; 1.2”/mo wither height (Jersey) ADG of~ 1.3 lb/d; 1.1”/mo wither height

  23. Ideal BCS & its relationship with milk yield The relationship of BCS at first calving & 90-d milk yield (Waltner et al., 1993)

  24. Dry matter intake of growing heifers

  25. Nutrient requirements (DM basis)

  26. Dry matter intake of pregnant heifers

  27. Close up- pregnant heifers • Need more protein vs. mature cows (15-16 vs. 12-14% CP) • First calving: + 20% energy • Second calving: + 10% energy • Feeding anionic salts: NOT recommended for heifers

  28. Lactating cows • Reduced DMI during early lactation • Energy tissue mobilization • Possibility of protein mobilization • 1.35-1.75% of BW= forage intake: rest from concentrates • Not always feasible for high producers/early lactation • 2-3% of DMI: minerals/vitamins

  29. Cont. • Concentrate intake: • Milk yield • Milk composition (especially milk fat) • Forage intake • Try to keep below 55-60% • pH • Forage fermentation • Acidosis

  30. Cont. • Phase I (wk 0-10): • increase in DMI is lagging behind increase in milk yield • Negative energy (and some proteins + minerals) balance • Maintain 24-27% NDF • High quality protein (UDP) • Watch DCAD • Promote feed intake

  31. Cont. • Phase II (wk 10-20): • Increased DMI relative to milk yield • Highest dry matter in milk • Promote extension of this period

  32. Cont. • Phase III (wk 20-44): • Increased DMI beyond milk yield • Highest dry matter intake • Watch for high BCS (BW gain) • Replenishing used up stored nutrients • Adjust concentrate

  33. Cont. • Phase IV (wk 44-next parturition): • No milk yield • Gradual decrease in dry matter intake • Last 2-3 weeks: ~30% reduction in DMI • Mammary gland involution • Mostly forages; inexpensive • Set up a close-up ration (3-4 wk before parturition) • Close up: preparatory; b/w dry ration & lactating ration to help feed intake, rumen performance, nutrient intake

  34. General For lactating cows: • ~ 15-18% protein • 60-70% TDN • NEL=1.4 to 1.8 Mcal/kg ration DM • Inert fat (rumen-protected fat) for high producing cows after wk 9-10 • Forage (effective NDF): rumen fermentation; milk fat • Increase nutrient density of the concentrate not its consumption • Mineral blocks

  35. Examples • Controlled (cross) feeding • Amount of concentrate amount of milk yield • ~2-3 kg concentrate (medium density) for 1 kg milk • Rest: forage • Old method; worked when cows produced ≤ 25 kg/d If producing ≤ 25 kg/d, ~ 40% forages If producing ~40 kg/d, ~ 16 kg/d typical concentrate; DMI for this cow ~ 17 kg/d …!???!?

  36. Cont. • Early lactation: much need for concentrate • Not enough forages • Milk fat; poor rumen fermentation; acidosis • Fatty liver-ketosis • Mid/Late lactation: possibility of over-conditioning

  37. Cont. • Total mixed ration (TMR; complete diet) • Everything mixed • Can’t choose what item(s) to eat and what to refuse • Only how much to eat • Similar ration for cows in a group • Better to group cows (3-4 groups) • More capital investment (mixer/feeder) • Not so palatable feedstuff also in the mix • More stable milk fat (less fluctuation)

  38. Cont. • More stable rumen pH/fermentation • Quality of the concentrate type feeds (no more amount..!!!) it is all mixed • Less laborious • Works much better If a good reproductive management in place (synchronized calving; easier grouping) • Difficult to group solely on milk yield • Move cows based on yield/physiological stage

  39. Rumen pH 6.5 6.5 TMR pH pH a. Feeding low concentrate 6.0 6.0 Cellulose degradation ceases 5.5 5.5 b. Feeding high concentrate TMR Cellulose degradation ceases

  40. Cont. • Flat rate feeding • Fixed amount of concentrate; variable forage (mostly ad libitum) • A simple method to execute • Relies on stored energy tissue (body fat) especially during early lactation • During entire early lactation; high risk for lower-than- needed concentrate (nutrient dens items) • During phase III, high risk for more-than-needed concentrate: over-conditioning

  41. Cont. • Nutrient composition more important than amount fed • Early lactation: increase nutrient density of concentrate • High quality protein sources (UDP); protected fat • Late lactation: reduce nutrient density of concentrate

  42. Cont. • Mechanical feeder (distributor) • Feed individual cow based on milk yield • Totally controlled on an individual basis • High quality forage ad libitum • Boss cows; too much concentrates; over-conditioning • Low fat milk

  43. Feeding sheep • General • Adaptable to relatively harsh condition • Lower maintenance requirements • Good fiber digestibility • Diverse products (not seasonal) • Great pasture-eater • Faster investment turn-around (if fattening) • DMI = 3.0-4.5% of BW

  44. Cont. • Greater energy requirement when lactating (high fat milk) • Flushing: intensive nutrition program to promote/support twining • Transition period; 3-4 weeks pre- through postpartum • Would help reducing BW losses, MG development & milk yield if good quality proteins (RUP) are used • Always consider Vitamin E and Selenium

  45. Lamb operations • Programmed weaning (6-10 wk) • Takes ~ 100 days to 12 months • 100-500 g/d ADG • Milk replacers • Creep feeding

  46. Cont. • Early weaning/intensive fattening • ~ 5-6 weeks on milk • ~100 days • Creep feeding • 2-3 weeks old; start ad libitum starter/high quality alfalfa/ grains • Goal should be a FCR of > 3 • 60-80% concentrate: 20-40% forages • Flushing

  47. Cont. • Early weaning/moderate fattening • Applied when pasture and/or crop byproducts available • Same procedures for weaning/milk replacer • Lower density grains/protein supplements • Less expensive rations • Longer time: 5-6 months • Tubers; pulps; inexpensive by products; NPN

  48. Cont. • Late weaning • Max BW • Takes 9-12 months • Pasture-based • Last few weeks on concentrates (feedlot) using good quality proteins (RUP) • inexpensive rations

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