Formation of philosophic tradition of empiricism and rationalism. Medicine of New time

1. KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITYDepartment: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 12 Formation of philosophic tradition of empiricism and rationalism. Medicine of New time Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities

2. Brief contents • Empiricism: essence, methods, and philosophers • Rationalism: essence, methods, and philosophers • Medicine of New time

3. Empiricism: essence, methods, and philosophers • Philosophy of New Time is subdivided into empiricism and rationalism. • Empiricism, in contrast to rationalism, downplays or dismisses the ability of reason alone to yield knowledge of the world, preferring to base any knowledge we have on our senses. Empiricism is represented by Francis Bacon, Thomas Gobs, John Locke, David Hume and etc. • Francis Bacon (1561-1629) • Advancement of Learning, NovumOrganum, his books; • 3 things  indispensable  for  the  attainment of  his power giving knowledge: • 1) the mind  must understand  the  instruments of knowledge; • 2) it must turn to experience, deriving the materials of knowledge from perception; • 3) it must not rise from particular principles to the higher axioms too rapidly, but steadily and gradually through middle axioms.

4. Idols, or Phantom: • 1)"Idols of the Tribe" (idolatribus), which are common to the race; • 2)"Idols of the Cave" (idols specus), which are peculiar to the individual; • 3) "Idols of the Marketplace" (idolafori), coming from the misuse of language; • 4) "Idols of the Theatre" (idolatheatri), which result from an abuse of authority. • Positive  rules • 1)facts must be established by observation and experiment, • 2)systematically arranged; • 3)Exclude not correct fact; • 4)Define the parts of phenomenon • 5)let him go on to causes and laws. • 6)Make conclusion; • The sensitive experience is right way of rational cognition; • Induction is the transition from single observations to general propositions;

5. Thomas  Hobbes  (1588 -1679)  • Leviathan, his book; • Philosophy  is knowledge  of  effects   • from  causes  and  causes  from  effects  by  means  of  legitimate  rational  inference; • Philosophy  is  objectively  defined  as  the  theory  of  body  and  motion: all  that  exists  is  body; all  that  occurs, motion • Thought is shadows of brain • “Of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself” –psychological egoism • “Every man is enemy to every man” • “Natural right” –the right to protect oneself using any means at one’s disposal, including violence. (island)

6. Rationalism: essence, methods, and philosophers • Rationalism is any view emphasizing the role or importance of human reason. Extreme rationalism tries to base all knowledge on reason alone. Rationalism typically starts from premises that cannot coherently be denied, then attempts by logical steps to deduce every possible object of knowledge. One of the famous representatives are Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d'Holbach.

7. René Descartes ( 1596 –1650) • “Discourse on the Methods”, “Metaphysical Meditations”, his books; • Optical illusion • Dualism: • Descartes suggested that the body works like a machine, that it has the material properties of extension and motion, and that it follows the laws of physics. • The mind (or soul), on the other hand, was described as a nonmaterial entity that lacks extension and motion, and does not follow the laws of physics. • Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d'Holbach(1723-1789) • Helvetia, his book • Matter is movabale, & has no divine origine; • Movment is determinied by variety of this world; • Movement is one of the universlas • Human being is the part of nature

8. Baruch Spinoza (1634 -1677) • God has infinite attributes, one substance because any substance other than God would have to possess attributes that have already been defined as belonging to God • “Nature equals God” – pantheism • 2 perspectives on reality: • through the attribute of mind • through the attribute of body

9. JohnLocke (1632 - 1704) • An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; • The main problem of his work is cognition; • "How our  ideas come into the mind" • He disputes the existence of ideas in  the understanding from birth, and makes it receive the elements of knowledge from the senses, that is, from without. • Human soul is «tabula rasa» (pure); • All knowledge arises in experience. • This is of two kinds, derived either from the external senses or the internal sense. • The perception of external objects is termed Sensation, that of internal phenomena (of the states of the mind itself) Reflection. • External and internal perception are the only windows through which the light of ideas penetrates into the dark chamber of the understanding.