Chapter 7 – Looking to the West

1. Chapter 7 – Looking to the West Section 1: Moving West Section 2: Conflict With Native Americans Section 3: Mining, Ranching, and Farming Section 4: Populism

2. Section 1: Moving West TEKS – 10A, 10B, 12A

3. TEKS • 10A • Analyze the effects of changing demographic patterns resulting from migration within the United States. • 10B • Analyze the effects of changing demographic patterns resulting from immigration to the United States. • 12A • Analyze the relationship between private property rights and the settlement of the Great Plains.

4. West’s Appeal • Kindled people’s: • sense of adventure • entrepreneurial spirit • appetite for profit and conquest • Push-Pull Factors – events and conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so.

5. Push Factors • Push factors • Civil War had displaced thousands of farmers and former slaves • Failed entrepreneurs seeking a second chance • Ethnic and religious repression • Opens spaces sheltered outlaws

6. Pull Factors • Pacific Railway Acts – governmnet gave large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads • 175 million acres of land • Morrill Land-Grant Act – gave state governments millions of acres of western lands, which the states could then sell to raise money for the creation of “land grant” colleges • Sold to land-speculators • People who bought up large areas of land in the hope of selling it later for profit

7. Pull Factors Cont. • Homestead Act – for a small fee, settlers could have 160 acres of land if they met certain conditions (age 21, citizen, built a house, and stayed on it for 5 years) • Private Property • The acts helped to limit settlers’ risks and avoid a total free-for-all

8. Mass Exodus of African Americans • Benjamin Singleton led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus” to a prophesied homeland • Exodusters – the settlers that took part in the mass exodus • Some 50,000

9. Section 2: Conflict With Native Americans TEKS – 2A, 12A, 21A, 21C

10. TEKS • 2A • Analyze political issues such as Indian policies, the growth of political machines, and civil service reform. • 12A • Analyze the relationship between private property rights and the settlement of the Great Plains. • 21A • Explain actions taken by people from racial, ethnic, and religious groups to expand economic opportunities and political rights in American society. • 21C • Analyze how the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups have helped to shape the national identity.

11. The Great Plains • Great Plains – the vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

12. The Great Plains Cont. • Millions of buffalo ranged the plains • Supplied Native Americans meat, hides for shelter and clothing, and a wealth of other uses • Spanish introduced the horse to the Native Americans • Became nomads – people who travel from place to place following food sources

13. Conflict Over the Land • Americans view of the land • Justified in taking the land because, in their view, they could make it more productive • Native Americans view of the Americans • The settlers were invaders intruding on sacred land

14. Native American Reservations • Reservations – federal lands set aside for Native Americans • Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) • Supposed to manage the delivery of critical supplies to the reservations, but corruption limited their abilities

15. Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 • Location: East of Denver, Colorado • Native American Tribe: Cheyenne • Cause: Cheyenne raids on wagon trains and settlements • What happened: Colonel John Chivington attacked the Native Americans after they had been promised protection at Sand Creek • Result: Between 150 and 500 slaughtered and the Cheyenne agreed to move to a reservation

16. The Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876 • Location: Little Big Horn River in present-day Montana • Native American Tribe: Sioux • Cause: Miners overtook the Black Hills region after whispers of gold • What happened: Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer sent to round up the Native Americans under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse; Custer wiped out by 2000 Native Americans in an hour • Result: Stunned Americans; Troops flooded the area and forced the Indians back to the reservations

17. The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890 • Location: Wounded Knee Creek • Native American Tribe: Lakota or Teton Sioux • Cause: Indian Police Officers shot and killed Sitting Bull • What happened: Native Americans gathered at a creek called Wounded Knee; someone fired a shot, soldiers opened fire, and killed more than 200 • Result: The last major episode of violence in the Indian wars

18. Attempts to Change Native American Culture • Assimilation – the process by which one society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture • Dawes Act – dismantled the Native American concept of shared land in favor of the principle of private property

19. Opening Indian Territory • On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at the territory’s borders to stake a claim to some land • Boomers – those that staked claims • Sooners – people who had sneaked past government officials earlier to mark their claim

20. Section 3: Mining, Ranching, and Farming TEKS – 8A, 20E, 22A, 22B, 22C

21. TEKS • 8A • Create thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases representing various aspects of the United States. • 20E • Identify the impact of popular American culture on the rest of the world. • 22A • Explain the effects of scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as electric power, the telegraph and telephone, petroleum-based products, medical vaccinations, and computers on the development of the United States. • 22B • Explain how scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as those in agriculture, the military, and medicine resulted from specific needs. • 22C • Analyze the impact of technological innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses.

22. Mining • Placer Mining – a Spanish technique where miners shoveled loose dirt into boxes and then ran water over the dirt to separate it from gold and silver particles

23. Mining Pictures

24. Ranching • 25 million buffalo in 1840 and 1,100 remained in 1889 • Replaced with cattle • Cow towns – a town built specifically for receiving cattle

25. Chisholm Trail • Long drive – the herding of thousands of cattle to railway centers scattered across the plains • 3:30AM – Wake up • 4:00AM – In the saddle • Could spend 18 hours in the saddle • Cattle Barons – a new breed of wealthy ranchers that created huge cattle operations • Combination of over-expansion, price declines, cold winters, dry summers, and cattle fever drove thousands into bankruptcy

26. Farming • Homesteaders – those who farmed claims (land) given to them by the Homestead Act • Built homes first • Dugout – a home carved out of the side of an embankment • Soddie – a sod home where the walls and roof were made from blocks of sod (strips of grass with the thick roots and earth attached • Cost less than $10

27. Men and Women Farming Roles • Family Roles in Farming • Men – Labor and worked for hire • Women – cared for the household and worked on the farm • Children – worked on the farm or were hired out • Dry Farming – water conserving techniques including planting crops that do not require a great deal of water (sorghum), keeping the fields free of weeds, and digging deep furrows so water could reach the plant roots

28. Farming • Bonanza Farms – operations controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, and raising massive quantities of single cash crops • In 1890, the end of the frontier was declared by the Census Bureau • Turner thesis – an idea that frontier life had created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy

29. Myths in Literature, Shows, and Song • Writers celebrated characters such as Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, and Deadwood Dick • Stereotypes – exaggerated or oversimplified descriptions of reality • The west was where a young man could find freedom and opportunity

30. Section 4: Populism TEKS – 4C, 5B, 24B, 24C

31. TEKS • 4C • Evaluate the impact of third parties and their candidates such as Eugene Debs, H. Ross Perot, and George Wallace. • 5B • Analyze the impact of significant individuals such as Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, Henry Ford, and Charles A. Lindbergh. • 24B • Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions. • 24C • Explain and apply different methods that historians use to interpret the past, including the use of primary and secondary sources, points of view, frames of reference, and historical context.

32. Farmers and Tariffs • Tariffs on imported goods discourage people from buying imports by making them more expensive, thus encouraging the sale of goods produced at home • Hurt farmers in two ways: • Raised the prices of manufactured goods, such as farming machinery • U.S. tariffs on manufacturing goods spurred nations in Europe to retaliate with their own tariffs against American crops

33. The Money Issue • Money supply – the amount of money in the national economy • Money supply increase, value of the dollar decreases • Causes inflation which helps farmers • Money supply decrease, value of the dollar increases • Causes deflation – a drop in the prices on goods and hurts farmers • Monetary policy – the federal government’s plan for the makeup and quantity of the nation’s money supply • Major political issue

34. Gold Standard • U.S. government on bimetallic standard • Currency consisted of gold or silver coins or United States treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver • U.S. changed to the gold standard which made the “gold bugs” happy

35. Silverites • “Silverites” called for free silver • The unlimited coining of silver dollars to increase the money supply • Bland-Allison Act of 1878 • Required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation • Sherman Silver Purchase Act • Increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month

36. The Grange • Formed by Oliver H. Kelley • The Grange • Helped farmers form cooperatives, through which they bought goods in large quantities at lower prices

37. Interstate Commerce Act • Interstate Commerce Act • Regulated the price that railroads charged to move freight between states, requiring the rates to be set in proportion to the distance traveled • Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission

38. The Populists • Built the platform on the following issues: • An increased circulation of money • The unlimited minting of silver • A progressive income tax • Government ownership of communications and transportation systems

39. Cross of Gold • William Jennings Bryan spoke at the democratic National Convention in 1896 • Gave his famous Cross of Goldspeech • “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” • Gold supplies increased, gold standard was reinstated, and populism slowly faded

40. End of Chapter 7 – Looking to the West Prepare for a QUIZ!