Grammar Revision 2ºBTO

1. Grammar Revision 2ºBTO

2. Conson + y = – ies(study- studies) • O = es (go – goes) • S, x, ch, sh= es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes) Present simple + We study English My sister watches TV he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) - Don`t Doesn´t We don´t study She doesn´t study + verb ? Do you study ? Does she study? A + S + V ? Am Is Are + V-ing presentcontinuous I am studying you are studying he is studying + • V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. • Run—runningswim—swimming • V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante • Begin—beginning • Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l • Travel—travelling • Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing • Die—dying - I am not studying You aren´t studying He isn´t studying Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying? Study- studying Play-playing ? A + S + V ?

3. Present simple The simple present is used for two main types of action: • actions which happen regularly • on Sundays • Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – • every day, every week, Once a month, etc. Habits States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc) presentcontinuous The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action: • A temporary action happening now : • Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) • Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) • A definite plan for the future : • Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. • Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

4. Non-continuousverbs / Stativeverbs There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in Spanish. Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these: verbs describing thought processes and opinions:think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree… verbs describing emotions:want, like, love, hate, adore, detest… verbs describing the senses:see, hear, taste, feel, smell… This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

5. Frequency adverbs and time expressions At the end of the sentence Howoften..? I do yoga twice a week • Always • Usually • Often • Sometimes • Hardlyever • Never • Every day • Once a day / week / month.. • Twice a day / week / month.. • Three times a day / week / month.. • Twelve times a day / week / month.. Before the verb She often plays golf After to be They are always hungry

6. Past Simple • Monosyllabicending in 1 vowel+1 conson, doubleconson • Stop—stopped • 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, doubleconsonant • Permit—permitted • V ending in conson + y i + ed • Study—studied • Vowel + y + edplay - played I played Use + Suj + V+ -ed 2ndcol I sang - Suj + didn´t + verb • Past and finishedactions. • Wevisitedthemuseumlastweek • A series of completedactions in thepast • When I openedthedoor, thedogbarked at thepostman. • Paststates. • The old lady lived in thishouse in 1887 I didn´tplay I didn´tsing ? Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ? Didyouplay? Didyousing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago In 2002 in the 80s when then

7. Remember Past Continuous Was Were + V-ing I , He , She , It Was/ wasn´t I wasplaying + Was Were + V-ing Suj + Youweresinging You, we, they I wasn´tplaying - Wasn´t Weren´t Suj + + V-ing Youweren´tsinging Were/weren´t ? Was I playing? Was Were + Suj + V-ing Wereyousinging? A+S+V ? Time expressions:

8. Usos : • Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después. • Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. • I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo 2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve. I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

9. Presentperfect Have Has + V-ed 3ª col + I have worked She has written - I haven´t worked She hasn´t written ? Have you worked? Has she written ? A+S+V ? Time expressions Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately , howlong..? For , since , in recentyears

10. TIME EXPRESSIONS • EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. • Have youeverbeen to London? • NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. • I haveneverseen a class like this. • FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace) • I´ve known himfortwenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años) • DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (nothowlong) • duringourholidayduringthesummerduringthenight • SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. • I´veknownhersince 1994. (La conozco desde 1994) • JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. • Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” • I´vejustwashed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo). • ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) • I´vealreadyseenthat film ( Ya he visto esa película) • Have you alreadywashed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?) • YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) • Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) • Interrogativas(“ya”) Hasthe doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)

11. usos • Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. • I have eaten Chinese food many times • Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “Howlong..?” • I´velivedhereforfiveyears ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí) • Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. • We´vepaintedthekitchen • Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo • Theteamhasjustscoreda goal

12. CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT • Past Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. • When did Sam go to India? Last June • Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento indeterminado. • Sam has been to India. • Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992. • Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992. • Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago. • Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

13. Presentperfect continuous Presentperfect of “tobe” Havebeen Has been + V-ing ( llevar + gerundio) Time expressions I have been working She has been studying + For a year , since 2002 , howlong..? Allday / night / week … I haven´t been working She hasn´t been studying - Have you been working ? Has she been studying ? ? Use • Anactionthatstarted in thepast and whichstillcontinues in thepresent. Or has recentlystopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción) • You´reout of breath. Haveyoubeenrunning? • She has beenworkingherefor 2 years • Actionsrepeatedover a period of time. • She´sbeenplayingtennissinceshewas 8 • Anactionwhoseresults are stillapparent. • I´mstilltired.. I havebeenstudyingallnight

14. PresentPerfect and PresentPerfectContinuous Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book? Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read? Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day Mary has written ten letters today. • Non-continuousverbs: like, know, believe, etc. Notnormallyused in CONT Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has alwayslived in London

15. Past perfect V-ed 3ª col Time expressions Had + Already , bythe time, after , Before, Until , never , just + I had worked By + a time = no later than I´ll have finished my work by 11:30 (I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30) - I hadn´t worked Use ? Had you worked ? A completed action which took place before another action in the past By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started Present Future Past Perfect Past

16. Pastperfect continuous Pastperfect of “tobe” + hadbeen V-ing (llevaba + gerundio) Time expressions Forhours , sincelastyear Allmorning , when , until , before + I had been - I hadn´t been Use ? Had you been ? Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”. Wehadbeendrivingfor 5 hourswhenweranout of petrol.

17. Future • TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención) • Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo. Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday. • Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en • que hablamos. Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm. • FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf • Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..) I think you´ll learn this very quickly The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it • Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión. He won´t come.

18. Future de “tobe” + V-ing FUTURE CONTINUOUS Time expressions At this time, at this time next… OnThursday , in thenextdecade + I will be studying - I won´t be studying ? Will you be studying ? Anaction in progress at a certain time in thefuture At this time nextyear, I willbestudyingLaw in Madrid Use FUTURE perfect V-ed 3ª col Future de “have” + + I will have studied Time expressions - I won´t have studied Use Bythis time nextweek, by 10 o´clock…, In threemonths ? Will you have studied? A completedaction at a certain time in thefuture. Bytheend of June, wewillhavefinishedourexams

19. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense. 1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry in the bags. 2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French very well. 3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday? 4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening. 5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally knocked it over. 6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me. 7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British Museum in London. will help will be speaking Did pay don’t usually eat was reaching is going to visit / is visiting is taking / is going to take

20. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple. 1. Andrea ……………………………… (leave) for the airport by the time I ……………………………… (call) to say goodbye. 2.Tom ……………………………… (play) tennis for years but he still ……………………………… (not convince) his wife to learn the game. 3.By this time tomorrow, everyone ……………………………… (hear) about your secret. I’m surprised that you ……………………………… (manage) not to tell anyone yet. 4.Last week, the car ……………………………… (run out) of petrol. We ……………………………… (should / fill) it up before we left. 5.You ……………………………… (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised because you ……………………………… (work) on it all week. had left called hasn’t convinced has been playing will have heard have managed ran out should have filled haven’t handed in have been working

21. Reportedspeech

22. Cambios en los tiempos verbales

23. Cambios en los modales Can May Must / haveto Will Could Might Must / hadto Would Cambios en otras palabras

24. Reportedquestions Hay dos tipos de preguntas: • LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. • para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. • Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay • inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. • “Didyouspeakto John lastnight?” Sheasked • Sheaskedif / whether I hadspokento John lastnight • LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa • (Wh- word) • Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. • ►Whotoldyouthatstory? Sheasked • Sheaskedwhohadtoldusthatstory Who are youwritingto? Sheasked SheaskedwhoIwaswritingto

25. Reportedorders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden. Ask o beg para peticiones. Warn para advertir a alguien de algo. Advise para dar consejo Invite para hacer una invitación. “Stop driving so fast”. My motherordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´ttellanybody” He begged me nottotellanybody

26. Reportedsuggestions • Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió. • Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas: • usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base. • (El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura) • “Let´swatchthenews” Tom suggested • Tom suggestedthatwewatchthenews • Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. • “ Let´sphonethepoliceinmediately” • He suggestedphoningthepoliceinmediately

27. Reportedverbs Complain Declare Deny Explain Inform Insist + Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear) Claim Mention Offer Promise Refuse Remind Reply ? Enquire Request Wanttoknow Wonder SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS Beg Órdenes Demand Order Shout Warn Sugerencias Advise Invite Suggest Recommend

28. Complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. “Don’t turn up the music!” My father warned me 2.“How much money have you saved?” The bank clerk wanted to know 3.“You must remember to give us the house key.” Bertha and Marion said 4.“Do the actors know their lines?” The director asked 5.“I’m not going to eat any more ice cream.” Andrew announced not to turn up the music how much money I had saved. that I / we had to remember to give them the house key. if / whether the actors knew their lines. that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.

29. Passive voice The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. Ralph Waldo Emerson

30. They gave Diana a camera last week SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD + CC Diana was given a camera last week SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC + (BY+SUJETO) A camera was given to Diana last week SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC. + OI + CC + (BY+SUJ) 1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI) 2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva 3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo. 4.Ponemos “tobe” en el mismo tiempo + PastParticiple (3ª column /-ed) del verbo 5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”

31. + Se forma con el verbo “tobe” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal Anastronautwassentintospace Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “tobe”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal, will o have / has. - Anastronautwasn´tsentintospace El orden es tobe + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa. ? Wasanastronautsentintospace?

32. TEN EN CUENTA QUE… • Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más. • Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el auxiliar. • Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared? • Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar • They are not making the meal. • The meal is not being prepared It is said that.. / He is said to.. Con verboscomo believed, thought, expected, said,estimate, known, considered, reported… la pasiva se hace de dos formas: “Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow” 1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow” 2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”

33. HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE • Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo, • pintar un piso, etc. • Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc) • En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have • I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa) • When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo?)

34. Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1. My sister ……………………… (lose) a lot of weight lately because she ……………………… (give) a new diet by our doctor. 2.The letter ……………………… (already send) by the time Jerry ……………………… (ask) me about it. 3.I ……………………… (live) in this house since I was born. It ……………………… (build) by my grandparents. has lost has beengiven had already been sent asked / will already have been sent asks was built have lived / have been living

35. Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive. People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times, floods and earthquakes (1) ……………………………… (consider) a punishment from the gods. Recently, in many places in the world, much damage (2) ……………………………… (cause) by natural disasters. Now, scientists (3) ……………………………… (try) to discover whether it’s possible to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals ran to the hills before the beaches in Thailand (4) ……………………………… (hit) by the tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ……………………………… (can / discover), it may help scientists find a solution and many lives (6) ……………………………… (might / save) in the future. were considered has been caused are trying were hit can be discovered might be saved

36. Conditionals

37. Summing up…. 1st If + present simple , future simple Modal Imperative Unless = if not 2nd If + past simple , would + infinitivo Could might 3rd If + past perfect , would have + participio Could have might have

38. Oraciones temporales Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future Simple. Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when , the moment (that) , etc She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework

39. WishClauses Wish / ifonly + Past simple Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar He wishes his house were bigger If only I lived near the school Wish / ifonly + PastPerfect Hechos pasados lamentando lo Ocurrido Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t broken up If only Sarah had arrived earlier + base form Wish / ifonly + Could Would Deseos sobre situaciones futuras, indicando q es poco probable q ocurran I wish I could improve my marks If only he would call me

40. Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings. 1. Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre. Gary wishes 2.I’m not old enough to go to that club. If I 3.It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play. We wish they 4.She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her. If they he could change a tyre. were old enough / older, I would go to that club. had enjoyed the play. had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.

41. RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSES

42. Who & that para referirnos a personas • Which & thatpara referirnos a cosas • When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo • Where para referirnos a lugares • Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir) Omisión Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO del relativepronoun Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI • Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man who visited us yesterday is a professor The house that was so old was rebuilt Sujeto = sustituye a The man sujeto = sustituye a The house • Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth Sujeto de la or. de relativo The house (that) we bought is very comfortable Sujeto de la or. de relativo

43. Defining relative clauses Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo Non-Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses • imprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente. • Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto. The computer which we bought is very expensive ( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido) • Los pronombreswho, which y thatpueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. • Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir. Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO This is the blog whose author is unknown Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI • When y whereson los adverbiosrelativos. • When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that. • I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him. • Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse. • I visited the area where all the trendy shops are. • Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición • detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous

44. Non-Definingrelative clauses • Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente. • Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos • Siempre van entre comas. • No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose. • Nunca se omiten. • Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.

45. Complete the passage with relative pronouns. I work at an animal shelter (1) ……………………… takes in homeless animals. The shelter is the place (2) ……………………… the animals are fed and taken care of. On the day (3) ……………………… animals are brought to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4) ……………………… examines them and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) ……………………… pet is lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there. which where when who whose Combine the sentences using a relative clause. • Here is the box. I keep my discs in it. • 2.Look at that park. I used to play there. • 3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day. • 4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad. • 5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor. Here is the box where I keep my discs. Look at that park where I used to play. I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university. We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner. My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.

46. Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun 1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there. Dan 2.Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize. Janet, 3.Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us. Do you 4.He is the man. He sold us the package holiday. He is the man 5.This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel. This just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches. whose travel diary won a prize, is a student. remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us? who / that sold us the package holiday. is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.

47. Modals

50. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in brackets. 1. They ……………………… (could / go) to the film but they decided to stay at home. 2.I ……………………… (mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday present. 3.She missed the test today. She ……………………… (must / be) ill. 4.You ……………………… (shouldn’t / spend) so much money. Think about the future. 5.You ……………………… (needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It would have had fun here. 6.I ……………………… (might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried. could have gone mustn’t forget must be shouldn’t spend / shouldn’t have spent needn’t have left might have found