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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology. Definitions. Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology) Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it Gross Anatomy- study of body parts visible to the naked eye

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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Definitions • Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology) • Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it • Gross Anatomy- study of body parts visible to the naked eye • Tissue- group of similar cells that perform a common function

  3. Organ- group of several tissue types that together perform a special function • Organ Systems- a group of organs working together to carry out a particular task • Hypothesis- idea or scientific concept propose as a possible explanation of nature • Anatomical Positions-specific body position that is used universally as a common reference point for the positions of body structures • Body Planes- transparent glasslike plates dividing the body into parts which represent cuts or sections that can be made along a particular line of orientation

  4. More Anatomical Vocabulary • Body Cavities- any space in the body that contains organs or fluid • Cell- the smallest and most numerous structural units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter • Somatotype: used to describe a particular category of body build, or physique (body types: ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)

  5. Vocabulary cont… • Negative Feedback- feedback control system in which the level of a variable is changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus • Positive Feedback- feedback control system that is stimulatory; tends to reinforce a change in the internal environment • Homeostasis- maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions despite changes in either the internal and external environment • Metabolism- steps involved in the breakdown of nutrient materials to produce energy and the transformation of one material into another

  6. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts • Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them • Growth - increase in body size • Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals • Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

  7. Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes • Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids • Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body • Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances • Excretion - Removal of wastes

  8. I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement) • I stop at the traffic light (response) • My body is growing (growth) • I am breathing air (respiration) • I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion) • My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption) • The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation) • The hamburger is changed to things my body needs (assimilation) • Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion) • Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)

  9. Metabolism = all the physical and chemical changes • Bodily needs = food, oxygen, water, heat • Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”

  10. Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk • Appendicular Portion - arms & legs • 1. Several body cavities2. Layers of membranes within cavities3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

  11. Body Cavities Dorsal  = back side Ventral = front side Thoracic = chest (heart, trachea, lungs..) Abdomen = stomach area (spleen, intestines) Pelvic = lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs) DIAPHRAGM:  Separates the thoracic and pelvic region SEROUS MEMBRANE - covers and surrounds organsSEROUS FLUID  - lubricates organs

  12. In-class Assignment Label the body cavities (use your book)

  13. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  14. Abdominopelvic Regions

  15. Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs • Outer layer = parietal • Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) • Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

  16. Pleura = lungs • Pericardium = heart • Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)

  17. Visceral Pleura /  Parietal Pleura Visceral Pericardium /  Parietal Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum /  Parietal Peritoneum

  18. Organ Systems Concept Map

  19. Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward*Study and learn the following terms* 1. Superior 2. Inferior 3. Anterior 4. Posterior 5. Medial 6. Lateral 7. Proximal 8. Distal9. Superficial10. Deep

  20. Body Regions Homework: Fill out the chart on the body regions

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