BIRDS

1. BIRDS

2. Evolution of birds: Fossil evidence shows that birds evolved from the same line as crocodiles and dinosaurs. • Archaeopteryx was an ancient bird with a reptile-like tail, clawed fingers on the wings, teeth, a fused furculum and a body covered with feathers.

5. Archaeopteryx

6. Birds - very successful due to: - being endotherms and - being able to fly to new locations. -They inhabit a wide range of climates due to this.

7. Ornithology - the study of birds • Evolution- evidence from: • Fossils • Comparative anatomy – • -modern birds have structures similar to those of reptiles. • -amniotic eggs • -scales (feathers are modified scales and birds have scales on their feet) • -crocs and birds have a 4 chambered heart • -crocs and birds display maternal care

8. BIRD CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrate Class: Birds (Aves)

9. Over 9700 different species divided into 29 different orders. -Classified according to their morphological features including beaks, feet and plumage

10. General Characteristics of birds: • 1. The body is covered with feathers. • 2. The bones are thin and hollow. • Forelimbs are wings in most species and • used for flight. • 4. Two hind legs support the body. • 5. A tooth-less horny beak is present. • 6. Birds are warm-blooded and temp. is • regulated internally by their metabolism. • 7. The heart is four-chambered • 8. Amniotic eggs have a calcium shell and are • incubated in a nest by parents in most • species

11. CHARACTERISICS OF BIRDS: • Feathers:(modified scales) • Used for: • Flight • Insulation • - Made up of keratin Four different types of feathers: • Down feathers: • Covers entire body of young • Soft and Fluffy ~traps warm air from body • On adult: Lies closest to body for insulation

12. Nothing as nice as a fluffy, warm down blanket on a cold winters night……..

13. Contour feathers: • Streamline shape of bird • Bottom part similar to Down (insulation) • Provide coloration • Camouflage • Identifies species/sex Contour Feather

14. Flight feathers:(modified Contour) • Found on wings & tail • Helps provide lift for flight Flight animantion

15. Bristle feathers: • Located on Eyes, Nostrils & Around Face • Filter dirt • Similar to eyelashes/nose hair

16. PARTS OF A FEATHER: Barbs:Many make up a vane Follicle: Tiny pit in skin where feathers develop Hooks Shaft or quill: Develops from follicle & runs up center of feather Hold barbules together Barbules:Have hooks on ends to hold barbs together Vanes: 2 vanes per feather on each side of shaft

17. Follicles:

18. Quill

19. VANE

20. Feathers are cared for by preening:Use beak to zip feathers together and waterproof them by spreading oil from the preening gland Preening Gland:Base of tail, contains oil

21. Molting: -Shedding of feathers -like our hair and fingernails, feathers are not living. -can not heal damaged feathers-molt immediately

22. Feather Lab

23. Skeletal and Muscular Systems: • Bones are thin and lightweight • hollow with honeycombed air filled spaces. A pelican is approximately 5 feet long and weighs nearly 20 pounds -However, their bones only weigh 23 ounces

24. Many bones are fused for greater support • Example: • Breast bones are fused to form the KEEL. The keel is the anchor for the powerful flight muscles.

25. Additional adaptations for flight: • No heavy jaw bones • No jaw muscles / no chewing of food • No teeth • Extremely thin skull bones

26. Muscular System: • Large muscles for strength • Largest muscle is the breast or pectorals muscles. -Provide powerful down stroke of the wing for flight. • Skin muscles attached to each feather follicle, - -allowing feathers to alter position during flight.

27. Turkey breast….yum yum

28. Metabolism: • Very fast metabolism • Requires large amount of food to maintain high metabolic rate • Digest food quickly ~ can’t afford extra wt of food in their system. • Must eat constantly to support energy need. “You eat like a bird….” • -mean you eat small amounts but actually a bird must eat a lot. • Body temperature: 104-105º F

29. Endothermic metabolism: • Generate heat to warm body internally • Need large quantities of food • Can’t go long periods of time w/o eating • Feathers and a layer of fat help to regulate their body temperature

30. Feeding and digestion: • Birds require a large amount of food to maintain their high metabolic rate • Digestion in birds is faster than in reptiles • Do not chew food • Birds have a crop at base of esophagus that stores and moistens food • Birds have a gizzard that contains small stones that crush food the birds swallow • Baby birds lack the stones so parent regurgitates the food for the baby.

31. Digestive System: Passage of food: Mouth: Esophagus: Crop: stores and moistens food Proventriculus -adds gastric enzymes Two-part stomach Gizzard-contains stones for crushing food Small intestines Large Intestines (Caeca) Cloaca

33. Esophagus Stomach Large Intestine

34. Mouth: -Entrance of digestive system -No teeth -Uses a beak to pick up food -Beaks are specific based on what type of food is eaten. Esophagus: -Passage of food from mouth to stomach -no digestion occurs here Esophagus: Passage of food from month to stomach

35. Crop:Storage for food; where it’s moistened Proventriculus:First part of stomach; a gastric gland, add enzymes, where digestion starts Gizzard:Helps kneed or crust the food (eat pebbles to help crush food) Small Intestines:Where most food is digested, absorbed and broken down by enzymes and bile Large Intestines:(Caeca/um) Water absorbed, waste separated from nutrients Cloaca:Exit of digestive, reproductive and excretory systems. 45 MINUTES TO DIGEST & REMOVE!!!

37. Gizzard with Pebbles

39. Excretory System: • Kidneys filters out the nitrogenous wastes from blood • Nitrogenous waste is in the form of uric acid • It is less toxic • It is very concentrated because it is not watered down since there is no urinary bladder. • Passes out cloaca • NO URINARY BLADDER= MAKES BIRD LIGHTER • FOR FLIGHT

41. Respiratory System: • Elaborate and highly efficient • Needs lots of oxygen continuously for energy for flight. • High metabolic rate also • requires much oxygen. • Therefore the lungs • must have a lot of • surface area for • O2 and CO2 exchange

42. Passage of air: Pair of nostrils Located near base of beak Trachea Where air passes after entering nostrils Bronchi 2 bronchi: leads to lungs and then air sacs Lungs 25% of air remains in lungs , 75% by passes lungs and goes into air sacs Air Sacs 9 air sacs, extend from lungs into bones; reduces density; lighter for flight, stores air

44. Esophagus TRACHEA

45. When a bird breathes, 75% of air enters the air sacs, 25% is inhaled and exhaled with the aide of a rib cage. Air sacs allow a large % of fresh air to remain inside of a bird at all times so they constantly have a large supply of oxygen thus a large supply of energy.

46. Birds receive oxygen-rich air during inhalation and exhalation in this system.

47. Lung

48. Circulatory System: • 4 chambered heart, 2 loop, closed system • VERY EFFICIENT • 2-Atriums • 2-Ventricles (THICK) A V • Complete Septum-divides ventricles…NO MIXING of clean and dirty blood SEPTUM Humming Bird – beats 600 times/minuteChickadee – beats 1000 times/minute -delivers much needed food and oxygen to cells for energy.

49. Oxygenated blood (red) is pumped from the lungs to various parts of the body;Deoxygenated blood (blue)is returned from body to lungs.