Warm Up

1. Warm Up I will be collecting today  What impact did explorers and missionaries have on Africa? How did Africans resist imperialism? Quick Write: 3 arguments FOR or AGAINST imperialism in Africa

2. Muslim Regions • From West Africa to Southeast Asia • 3 giant Muslim Empires • Ottomans (Middle East) • Safavids (Persia) • Mughals (India)

3. Empires in Decline • By 1700s, all 3 were in decline • Causes • Governments lost power over nobles, military, and powerful groups of craft guilds • Corruption • Discontent among the people

4. Rise of Muslim Reform Movements • 1700-1800s • Africa and Asia • UsmandanFodio led reform efforts • Sudan • Resisted British expansion in the area • Arabia • Islamic reform movement (Wahhabi) • Recapture purity of Islamic religion under Muhammad

5. Problems for the Ottoman Empire • At height: N.Africa, SE Europe, Middle East • Pashas had increased their power • Economic problems and corruption • Nationalist revolts weakened multi-ethinic empire • In Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gain independence

6. European Pressure Increases • All European nations had their eyes on the declining Ottoman Empire • France • Russia – can control of key straits to Mediterranean • Britain wanted to squash Russia’s ambitions • New German Empire

7. Constantinople • Trading Center • Capital of Ottoman Empire • Located on the Bosporus

8. Web • Turn to page 325 • Using this section, create a web • European presence in Muslim regions

9. Warm Up • Do you think the reform efforts of UsmandanFodio were successful? Why? Why not? • Summarize the events that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire • What European nations had their eyes on the Ottoman Empire to colonize? Why?

10. Efforts to Westernize • Ottoman’s sought to modernize • Reorganized their bureaucracy • Improved system of tax collection • Built railroads • improved education • Hired Europeans to train a military • Reforms brought improved medical care and revitalized farming • Sultans rejected reform, wanted autocratic rule

11. What do you think? • In a multi-ethnic empire like the Ottoman Empire, would autocratic rule be successful?

12. Young Turks Demand Reform • 1890s, liberals form “Young Turks” • Demanded reform • 1908, overthrew Sultan • WWI came before they achieved reforms

13. Questions • What advantages do you think the “Young Turks” can offer the Ottoman empire?

14. Armenian Genocide • Ottoman empire – minority and religious freedom • 1890s tensions between minorities and Turkish Nationalists • Genocide: Armenians (Christians)

15. Armenian Genocide • Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting the Russians in their plans against the Ottoman Empire • When the Armenians protested, the Sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered • Over a 25 year period, 600,000-1.5 million were killed or died of disease or starvation

16. Let’s think • Describe some actions that could have been taken to slow or reverse the trend of decline in the Ottoman Empire

17. Egypt Seeks to Modernize • Egypt – semi independent province (Ottoman) • Great strides toward reform • Muhammad Ali (soldier appointed governor) • “Father of modern Egypt” • Political and economic reforms • Improve tax collection • Reorganized land holdings • Irrigation projects to increase farm output • Expanded cotton production • Encouraged development of industry • Western military training

18. Building the Suez Canal • French set out to build in 1859 • Took control of Egypt • Made Britain jealous • Impact the Shortcut (Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea) could have on trade with India (their colony) • 1875 took control over canal • Bought up shares of canal from Egypt (in debt) • Made all of Egypt a protectorate in 1882

19. The Suez Canal • In Egypt • Waterway • Connects Mediterranean to Red Sea • Provided quick access to India, East Asia, and Australia

20. Video • Suez Canal

21. Question • How did Britain gain control of the Suez Canal? • Why was the Suez Canal so important to European powers, particularly the British?

22. Persia and European Powers • Faced many challenges too • Experienced some reform (railroads) • Britain and Russia set up each of their own sphere of influence in Persia • Discovery of oil heightened European interest in area

23. The Competition for Oil • Britain • Strongest influence in southern Iran • Anxious to protect its interests in India • Russia • Strongest influence in northern Iran • Anxious to protect its own southern border • Iranian Secular Nationalist Group • Promotes acceptance of Western ways • Supported by urban middle class • Iranian Muslim Nationalist Group • Headed by Muslim religious leaders • Promotes antiwestern feelings

24. Middle East • Oil! • Machinery from IR required OIL • Eventually engines • Strategic Location • Suez Canal • Palestine

25. Connections to Today • The Power of Oil • Turn to page 328 • What do you think happens to oil prices if OPEC cuts production. Explain.

26. Palestine • After WWI, League of Nations gave Britain a mandate over Palestine • Arabs and Jews also claimed the region as a homeland • Britain promised Arabs independence • Later, the Balfour Declaration promised Jews a national homeland (by the British) • After WWII, renamed Israel and given to Jews • Fighting broke out that still exists today

27. Closure • In your opinion, was the Suez Canal a positive or negative development for Egypt? Explain.