Mongol arrows and bombs ; circa 1293

1. What do you remember about China? Mongol arrows and bombs ; circa 1293

2. Chapter 26: Tradition and Change in East Asia (Chapter 27 in purple book) Pulp Fiction Foreign Trade and the Tokugawa Shogunate Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers and Mean People Emperor Hongwu Foreign Trade and the Qing Neo-Confucianism Christianity in Japan Deshima Matteo Ricci Native Learning/ Floating Worlds Emperor Yongle Dutch Learning Filial Piety Emperor Wanli Jesuits, Dominicans and Franciscans Relationship between Chinese government and technology Emperor Kangxi Shoguns, daimyo, bakufu Emperor Qianlong The Son of Heaven Scholar Bureaucrats Civil Service Examinations Gender Relations/ Foot binding

3. Chapter 27: Tradition and Change in East Asia What is the response in East Asia to increasing global contact? The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CE The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE Yuan Dynasty Collapsed Ming Dynasty founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) Role of Mandarins and Eunuchs? Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) Moves capital to Beijing to deter Mongols Zheng He? Great Wall (re)built Mandarins= imperial officials who traveled country overseeing govt policies Eunuchs = advisors at court, presumed to be no threat

4. Civil Service Exams: The Bureaucracy of Merit Identification of the educated with national rather than regional goals 1540 Establishment of the scholar-gentry Actually ran the empire 1873 (Qing): Why was Europe Especially impressed with this system? Maintained cultural unity and consensus on basic Confucian values- provincial quotas- Open to all males (but mostly the wealthy) Encouraged upward mobility Cheating/ corruption/ Death not uncommon Week long exams Only 5% passed and received titles No loss of status for failure instead Served as patrons of the state Ming Dynasty official with 2 cranes “Rank Badge” = Civil authority of the First rank Poetry- Calligraphy- Confucian values- filial piety

5. Chinese lacquer ware Neo-Confucianism is appropriated by the state WHY? Jesuit Missionary: Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582 Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response? Why do the Ming (and Qing) embrace Neo-Confucianism? Why does Chinese response to Christian missionaries change with introduction of Dominicans and Franciscans? Unintended effect: Europe now knows China kowtow

6. The Forbidden City: Ming Palace How does the Forbidden City reflect the goals of Ming political authority? Tang/Song= Innovation/Technology as source of economic and military strength Ming/Qing = Political/Social stability as Source of strength Technology too disruptive

7. Qing dynasty copy by Chen Zhang of a Ming dynasty silk scroll (Tribute giraffe from Bengal) Ming Tribute System What factors led to the collapse of The Ming Dynasty • hedonist emperors lead secluded lives in Forbidden City • eunuchs usurp imperial control/ power of army/navy • famine = peasant rebellion 1644 (TREE BARK) • pirates interrupt trade and tax collection • internal chaos allows northern Manchus to enter Beijing • gain control by allying with who?? • Manchus establish Qing Dynasty With help of generals and scholar-bureaucrats who desert the corrupt Ming emperor

8. The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE The 268-year duration of the Qing dynasty was dominated by the rule of two monarchs: the Kangxi Emperor, who reigned from 1662 to 1722, and his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1736 to 1796. These two emperors, each of whom reigned for about 60 years, would set the course of Qing history and in large part create the political, economic, and cultural legacy inherited by modern China. MANCHUS: “Son of Heaven” Semi-Divine Kangxi Emperor as a Young Man Scholar/ Poet Voracious reader Engineer Enlightened Ruler Inauguration Portrait Of the Qianlong Emperor Qianlong Emperor: Height of Qing Dynasty Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor As the Bodhisattva Manjusri

9. What is Confucian about the following? • Kangxi: The Sacred Edicts 1670 • Highly esteem filial piety and the proper relations among brothers in order to give due importance to social relations • Give due weight to kinship in order to promote harmony and peace. • Give due importance to farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees in order to ensure sufficient clothing and food. • Explain laws and regulations in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate. • Show propriety and courtesy to improve customs and manners. • Work hard in your professions in order to quiet your ambitions • Promptly and fully pay your taxes in order to avoid forced requisition. • Get together in groups of ten or a hundred in order to put an end to theft and robbery • Free yourself from resentment and anger in order to show respect for your body and life.

10. Great military expansion: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, China Find allies in frustrated Chinese (sound familiar?) Establish strict rules of behavior: no intermarriage, queue, no Manchu language for Chinese, kowtow, Chinese could not travel to Manchuria The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE

11. VS.

12. Qing Ming Festival or Remembrance Day (April 4th or 5th): Chinese show their respect for their elders by visiting and cleaning their deceased ancestor’s tombs and cemeteries. They also traditionally offer food and prayer for their ancestors.

13. Ming Pottery Qing Porcelain Ming and Qing DO NOT embrace Technology: WHY NOT?

14. MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE Geography of China promoted interregional trade. Yangtze River, Huang He, coastlines, Taklamaken Desert facilitated this (MING) Geography Southern Manchuria, pastoral nomads of the steppe tradition, under Manchus the Chinese empire grows to greatest extent in its history (Tibet, Central Asia, Russia, SE Asia, Korea) (QING) Restored Confucian foundation, Neo-Confucian values, some interaction with Jesuits although Chinese are suspicious (why?) (MING) Religion Maintained balance, tolerant of Jesuits, less tolerant of Dominicans and (QING) Franciscans WHY? (Chinese were called heretics= Christians expelled under Kangxi), Neo-Confucianism OK, possible to have Confucian govt, Daoist and Buddhist in private life Achievements (Yongle) encyclopedias 3 copies, libraries, restored civil service exams, supported education on many levels, popular culture celebrated (teahouses, wine shops, popular novels, romances, horror) Fortified the Great Wall, repaired the Grand Canal, Forbidden City (MING) encyclopedias/books printed and distributed to all, 7 libraries, Qianlong great supporter of the arts, great collections of paintings and artifacts, impressed w/Enlightenment thinkers (QING) (Voltaire, Ralph Waldo Emerson), Monumental sets of scrolls of Inspection Tours (60-80 ft long) BOTH ensured continued Confucian tradition by support of education and civil service exams

15. MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE “son of heaven” (human designated to maintain order on earth) return to centralized rule, scholar bureaucrats = eunuchs and mandarins advised emperor and ran government day-2-day, scholar gentry support the work of the district magistrate, powerful army and navy (Zheng He) early on but then faded by mid 16th century, became corrupt, lost the mandate of heaven (peasant revolts: eating tree bark, pirates, etc.) (MING) Political “son of heaven”, centralized rule, Kangxi most successful in enlisting help of nobility, brought nobility to court to create stable govt on Ming model, Qianlong as “universal ruler”, efficient project manager, wary of European contact (see Spain take over the Philippines) (QING) Successful conquest of Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan Economic TRADE TIGHTLY CONTROLED After Zheng He, agrarian society, believed that technology was disruptive, (favored stability) no motivation to industrialize (plenty of labor), did not form political-economic alliance like the West (Taxed salt and land NOT finished goods) “Land is the source of everything”, taxes supported central state (MING) Restrict trade with the West: limit European countries to specific port cities taxes provided reliable revenue for national AND state, great prosperity, early efficiency = canceling taxes 4X, agrarian with limited (successful) trade = export: cotton, silk, lacquer ware, porcelain, tea -----import: silver bullion, still suspicious of technology (QING)

16. MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE Social Patriarchal, filial piety (family values and obligations extended to society), women lose power,widows encouraged to commit suicide, no remarriage (arches), footbinding increases, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people” (MING) Patriarchal, filial piety, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants, peasants, “mean people”, QUEUES, Manchus were the ethnic elite, more multiethnic tolerance under Qianlong, population soared (trade in food crops) 1600s Ming = 100 million, 1900s Qing = 400 million(QING) Hierarchal Patrilineal Authoritarian Filial Piety Female Infanticide Soldiers Indentured Servants “Mean People” Beggars Farmers Workers Artisans Slaves Merchants Scholar Bureaucrats Gentry Entertainers Emperor

17. Nara Period: 710-794 CE Height of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system…. Permanent establishment of Buddhism Chinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty Heian Period: 794-1185 CE Fujiwara and Minamoto families Fujiwara become defacto rulers end of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-Chinese Minamoto family victorious pre-Modern did not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperor emperor as figurehead installed clan leader as SHOGUN established tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido) Japan First Minamoto shogun

18. Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE Shogun? Ultimate source of political authority? Bakufu? Daimyo? Role of daimyo? Control the daimyo? Role of the samurai? How does this role change? Foreign trade? Edo = 1 million by 1700 Kabuki Theater

19. Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world. Closed Country Edicts 1635 and 1639 POV?

20. Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE Geography Island nation, few natural resources, geographically protected Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the Spanish colonized the country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan missionaries that arrive in Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes. The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the 1590s with goal to end Christianity in Japan, Christianity banned after 1621 (1000s killed). Native religion = shintoism Neo-Confucianism became official ideology Religion : the spread of popular education , growing urbanization and the rise of the merchant class, Period of peace (250 years) : haiku poetry, teahouses, brothels, kabuki theater, “floating worlds”, books of “love”, “native learning”= support of Japanese identity Achievements feudal political order under Tokugawa (shogunate) with economic and social change occurring in a gradual manner; bakufu = military government, prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibits Japanese from traveling abroad to trade 1635 (except with China) (pain of death), daimyo required to live alternate years at Edo (capital) Political Economic no trade with the West (Portuguese crew beheaded), expelled foreign merchants and books, exception is the Dutch who are allowed to trade at Nagasaki, isolated from outside world by 1630s all marriage controlled by bakufu, peace did not support the daimyo and shogun (warrior class)- had to reconfigure their social role, slow population growth due to infanticide, contraception, late marriage, abortion, merchant class grows, Dutch learning influences (European art, medicine, science)4 distinct classes (“castes”) = warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant Social