Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria and Archaea

2. Q&A • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that must absorb their nutrients by simple diffusion. The dimensions of T. namibiensis are several hundred times larger than most bacteria, much too large for simple diffusion to operate. How does the bacterium solve this problem?

3. The Prokaryotes

4. Domain Bacteria • Proteobacteria • From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes • Gram-negative • Chemoheterotrophic

5. The Alphaproteobacteria Learning Objective • 11-1 Differentiate the alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.

6. The Alphaproteobacteria • Pelagibacter ubique • Discovered by FISH technique • 20% of prokaryotes in oceans • 0.5% of all prokaryotes • 1354 genes

7. The Alphaproteobacteria • Human pathogens • Bartonella • B. henselae: Cat-scratch disease • Brucella: Brucellosis • Ehrlichia: Tickborne

8. The Alphaproteobacteria • Obligate intracellular parasites • Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis • Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers • R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus • R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus • R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

9. Rickettsias Figure 11.1

10. The Alphaproteobacteria • Wolbachia: Live in insects and other animals Applications p. 307

11. Wolbachia Applications p. 307

12. The Alphaproteobacteria • Have prosthecae • Caulobacter: Stalked bacteria found in lakes • Hyphomicrobium: Budding bacteria found in lakes Figures 11.2b, 11.3

13. The Alphaproteobacteria • Plant pathogen • Agrobacterium: Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor Figure 9.19

14. The Alphaproteobacteria • Chemoautotrophic • Oxidize nitrogen for energy • Fix CO2 • Nitrobacter: NH3 NO2– • Nitrosomonas: NO2–  NO3–

15. The Alphaproteobacteria • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria • Azospirillum • Grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants • Fix nitrogen • Rhizobium • Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants Figure 27.5

16. The Alphaproteobacteria • Produce acetic acid from ethanol • Acetobacter • Gluconobacter

17. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-1

19. The Betaproteobacteria Learning Objective • 11-2 Differentiate the betaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.

20. The Betaproteobacteria • Thiobacillus • Chemoautotrophic; oxidize sulfur: H2S  SO42– • Sphaerotilus • Chemoheterotophic; form sheaths Figure 11.5

21. The Betaproteobacteria • Neisseria • Chemoheterotrophic; cocci • N. meningitidis • N. gonorrhoeae Figure 11.6

22. The Betaproteobacteria • Spirillum • Chemoheterotrophic; helical Figure 11.4

23. The Betaproteobacteria • Bordetella • Chemoheterotrophic; rods • B. pertussis • Burkholderia • Nosocomial infections Figure 24.7

24. The Betaproteobacteria • Zoogloea • Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes Figure 27.20

25. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of betaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-2

26. The Gammaproteobacteria Learning Objective • 11-3 Differentiate the gammaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.

27. The Gammaproteobacteria • Pseudomonadales • Pseudomonas • Opportunistic pathogens • Metabolically diverse • Polar flagella Figure 11.7

28. The Gammaproteobacteria • Pseudomonadales • Moraxella • Conjunctivitis • Azotobacter and Azomonas • Nitrogen fixing

29. The Gammaproteobacteria • Legionellales • Legionella • Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers • L. pneumophilia • Coxiella • Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk Figure 24.14b

30. The Gammaproteobacteria • Vibrionales • Found in coastal water • Vibrio cholerae causes cholera • V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis Figure 11.8

31. Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia The Gammaproteobacteria • Enterobacteriales (enterics) • Peritrichous flagella; facultatively anaerobic

32. The Gammaproteobacteria Figure 11.9a

33. The Gammaproteobacteria Figure 11.9b

34. The Gammaproteobacteria • Pasteurellales • Pasteurella • Cause pneumonia and septicemia • Haemophilus • Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors

35. The Gammaproteobacteria • Beggiatoa • Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy • Francisella • Chemoheterotrophic; tularemia

36. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of gammaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-3

37. The Deltaproteobacteria Learning Objective • 11-4 Differentiate the deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.

38. The Deltaproteobacteria • Bdellovibrio • Prey on other bacteria Figure 11.10

39. The Deltaproteobacteria • Desulfovibrionales • Use S instead of O2 as final electron acceptor

40. The Deltaproteobacteria • Myxococcales • Gliding • Cells aggregate to form myxospores Figure 11.11

41. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-4

42. The Epsilonproteobacteria Learning Objective • 11-5 Differentiate the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.

43. The Epsilonproteobacteria • Campylobacter • One polar flagellum • Gastroenteritis

44. The Epsilonproteobacteria • Helicobacter • Multiple flagella • Peptic ulcers • Stomach cancer Figure 11.12

45. Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-5

46. Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Learning Objectives • 11-6 Differentiate the groups of nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key. • 11-7 Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria.

47. Phototrophic • Oxygenic photosynthesis • Anoxygenic photosynthesis light 2H2O + CO2 (CH2O) + H2O + O2 light 2H2S + CO2 (CH2O) + H2O + 2S0

48. Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria • Cyanobacteria • Gliding motility • Fix nitrogen

49. Cyanobacteria Figure 11.13

50. Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria • Purple sulfur • Purple nonsulfur • Green sulfur • Green nonsulfur