THE COMING OF THE CIVIL WAR

1. THE COMING OF THE CIVIL WAR 1850s: The Decade of Crisis CHAPTERS 18 & 19

2. “YOUNG AMERICA” MovementDemocracy will triumph everywhere! • Distraction from sectional strife – look to foreign affairs; Douglas is spokesperson (“Henry Clay” of his generation) • Manifest Destiny continues – emotional; democracy will triumph anywhere – aid revolutions abroad to spread democracy • Predictions that Europe will become one “great Republic” - “We’ll all be citizens of the world!” • Horace Greeley, New York Tribune • Leads to thoughts of Cuba, Central America • N accuses S of plot to obtain more slavery territory • But real need (CA) for canal across Central America

3. Expansionist Young Americain the 1850s America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America

4. WHIGS Winfield Scott Party splits Doubts of Scott’s loyalty to Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive Slave Law Split foreshadows the Civil War with split being N & S DEMOCRATS Franklin Pierce Unknown Expansionist Wants Nicaragua (canal) Wants Cuba ELECTION OF 1852Slavery Breaks Party Unity

5. The Mediocre Presidents (from the Simpsons) • All: We are the mediocre presidentsYou won't find our faces on dollars or on cents! • There's Taylor, there's TylerThere's Fillmore and there's HayesThere's William Henry HarrisonHarrison: I died in thirty days! • All: We... are... the...Adequate, forgettableOccasionally regrettableCaretaker presidents of the U-S-A! • http://www.simpsoncrazy.com/music-lyrics

6. FOREIGN AFFAIRS: • 1850 CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY: • US & GB / joint control of a canal across Central Am. • NICARAGUA: • Walker seizes control, declares himself President & legalizes slavery • Eventually ousted but keeps trying to regain control • Pierce withdraws recognition; executed by firing squad, 1860 • CUBA: • P Pierce offers Spain $130 million • OSTEND MANIFESTO: • Confidential dispatch to State Dept: if Spain won’t sell - take it by force • Leaked - N outraged! (Cuba one large sugar plantation) • Plans for Cuba dropped

7. OPENING OF JAPAN U.S. had been trading with China for some time & wants to trade with Japan too Japanese reluctant to trade with U.S. – felt too much contact with the “West” would destroy their culture Commodore Matthew C. Perry sent by President Fillmore to negotiate a trade treaty with Japan

8. Japanese impressed by Perry’s steamships & firepower; realizes it can’t compete with Western technology & weapons and signed trade treaty TREATY OF KANAGAWA, 1854 – Terms? Japan began to “Westernize” its technology & began its own industrial revolution which will lead ot the building of a powerful navy & Japanese imperialism What later impact will this have on America?

9. MEANWHILE…SECTIONAL STRIFE CONTINUES • ABOLITIONISTS INTERFERE WITH ENFORCEMENT OF FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • S accuses N of breaking Compromise of 1850 • Northern Personal Liberty Laws • BUT… most Northerners didn’t really take action to interfere • Ableman v. Booth, 1859 upholds constitutionality of Fugitive Slave Law

10. Underground Railroad continues successfully

11. Harriett Beecher Stowe 1852 sold 10,000 copies first week! S criticizes - plantation life distorted; slaves atypical Her personal style, memorable characters, separation of families endeared book to its readers & swayed many N convinced slavery would be ruin of America “So this is the little lady who started the big war!” - Abraham Lincoln Literary Attacks on SlaveryUNCLE TOM’S CABIN

12. “The Impending Crisis of the South” • Hinton R. Helper, 1857 • An anti-slavery writer from NC (but not in favor of racial equality – racist tendencies) • Detailed how slavery actually hurt non-slaveowners in the South • Arguments didn’t take hold with poor whites • BUT did with Northerners • Increased fears of S planter elite

13. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT • 1854, STEPHEN DOUGLAS • Both N & S want transcontinental RR line to CA & OR • S line would go thru already organized territory & be easier to defend • Douglas wants Chicago to be hub of N line & seeks organization of Nebraska Territory but needs support of S to make it happen • (motivated by desire for RR development & land speculation - need territorial govt) • Introduces KS-NE ACT which provided for 2 new territories to be carved out of LA Purchase area - KS & NE • SLAVERY DECIDED BY POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (KS as slave & NE as free?) • Repealed portion of MO Compromise banning slavery N of 36’30’ line & wrecked Compromise of 1850 • N protests to a level not seen since Stamp & Intolerable Acts! • N refuses to enforce FSL - will have a major impact on the South preparing to secede

14. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

15. “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Most settlers in KS did not own slaves – just wanted land • Both N & S determined to have KS • Many pro-slavery Missourians move in • 5000 of these “border ruffians” descend in 1855 to elect territorial legislature - promptly enact slave code (Democrats) [Lecompton] • Antislavery settlers hold their own election – [Topeka] so there are two govts in KS in 1856 • P Pierce denounces this free-state govt in Topeka • Proslavery forces attack antislavery - Lawrence, KS • Major responsibility for KS tragedy goes to Pierce!

16. John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? • Vigilante • May 1856 • Pottawatomie Creek • Brutally murdered, hacked off hands of 5 pro-slavery men in retaliation for 5 anti-slavery men killed by them in Lawrence • Leads to terror, mayhem from both sides • Brown goes into hiding • Over 200 dead by then • Republicans dub it “Bleeding Kansas” • Dress rehearsal of Civil War • POINT OF NO RETURN!

18. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

19. Sumner/Butler Senate Conflict, May 1856 • CHARLES SUMNER • MA Sen.; loudmouth abolitionist (“Crime against KS speech,” denounces pro-slaveryites & SC) • Deranged, egotistical, combative • Demands KS come in at once as a free state • Attacks Douglas & Butler (SC) - “drooling” • ANDREW BUTLER (PRESTON BROOKS) • (not present); defended by his nephew Congressman- Preston Brooks who is also unbalanced • canes Sumner on Senate floor; injuries keep him out of Senate for 3.5 years! • House censures him; resigns; later re-elected by Southerners • N MAKES HERO OF SUMNER & keeps electing him • S SENDS BROOKS MORE CANES!

20. ELECTION OF 1856 • WHIGS DISSOLVED, 2 new parties: • Americans -- the Know-Nothings • Millard Fillmore • anti-immigration; national party • adopt slavery stance of either section • Republicans • former Free Soilers, Whigs • sectional party - N only • Gen. Fremont: “Free soil, free speech, and Fremont” • Issues: illegitimate child (“free love”), Catholic

21. DEMOCRATS • James Buchanan (Douglas too controversial) • Sec. of State to Polk; minister to GB during KS problems • denounce Republicans as sectional party desiring to destroy Union • BUCHANAN WINS • Republicans dub him “Doughface” (a northerner with southern sympathies) • OMINOUS ELECTION: • SHOWS SECTIONAL VOTING • DEMOCRATS TAKE S • REPUBLICANS TAKE N Only President to never marry.

23. SCOTT V. SANFORD, 1857 Dred Scott, a slave, had been taken by his master, Dr. Emerson, an army surgeon, to a free state and a free territory and then back to Missouri, a slave state. Scott and his wife Harriet sued Sanford, the executor of Emerson's estate, for their freedom on the basis of their residence on free soil ISSUE is whether slavery can legally be outlawed in the territories. DRED SCOTT DECISION

24. S. CT. RULES WITH SOUTH • Majority of justices are from South • C.J. Taney is southerner from MD • HOLDS THAT SCOTT IS NOT CITIZEN & HAS NO RIGHT TO SUE • HOLDS THAT SLAVES ARE “PROPERTY,” NOT CITIZENS & THUS COULD BE TAKEN INTO FREE TERRITORIES W/O BECOMING FREE • OBITER DICTUM: MISSOURI COMPROMISE BAN ON SLAVERY N OF 36’30’ LINE IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

25. LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION • Buchanan tries to get Congress to accept KS’ proslavery Lecompton Constitution & admit KS as a state • Douglas opposes fraudulent Constitution (running for reelection to Senate) • Clash between Buchanan & Douglas shatters Democratic party & alienates KS from D party • Finally, both Congress & majority of KS voters reject it

26. 7 DEBATES IN 7 CITIES;1858 IL SENATE RACE ISSUE IS EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO THE TERRITORIES THE LITTLE GIANT 12 yrs. in Senate; Democrat excellent negotiator, hoping to be President built career on idea of popular sovereignty But, opposed to extension believes blacks inferior LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES STEPHEN DOUGLAS

27. Not an abolitionist Republican 1 term in House of Rep Lawyer; brilliant debater; sincere Believes no extension of slavery should be allowed BUT, leave it alone where it already exists Also believes blacks inferior No vote No citizenship No jury service No intermarriage “A house divided against itself cannot stand; I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” ABRAHAM LINCOLN

29. LINCOLN ASKS DOUGLAS “THE QUESTION” • “Can the people of a territory in any lawful way…exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution?” • PUTS DOUGLAS IN DIFFICULT POSITION • IF he says “yes,” it looks like he’s supporting popular sovereignty & opposing Dred Scott • IF he says “no,” he’s gone against his whole career stance of popular sovereignty • DOUGLAS COMES UP WITH“FREEPORT DOCTRINE” • Accepts Dred Scott decision forbidding Congress to ban slavery from territories • BUT, territory could effectively ban slavery by not passing laws to keep enslaved persons under control • DOUGLAS WINS SENATE SEAT but LOSES SOUTH’S SUPPORT & THUS WILL LOSE 1860 PRES. ELECTION

30. JOHN BROWN’S RAID • Oct. 1859 • Raids federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA • Mission is to arm & liberate slaves & punish slave-owners & establish black republic in VA Hills • Captured by Robert E. Lee • Found guilty of treason, hanged • Martyr to North • Reinforces South’s greatest fear & need to protect itself from abolitionists! "If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and most unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done!" (Last speech to the court at his trial, November 2, 1859)

31. DIVIDED OVER SLAVERY RUN 2: STEPHEN DOUGLAS (N - Freeport Doctrine) VP BRECKENRIDGE (S - Dred Scott) LEFTOVER WHIGS & KNOW-NOTHINGS SENATOR JOHN BELL endorse Constitution & Union ELECTION OF 1860 DEMOCRATS: CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY:

32. REPUBLICANS: • ABRAHAM LINCOLN • S believes he is an abolitionist • Oppose slavery in territories • Something for everybody: advocate a high tariff (N) & a homestead law (W) & construction of transcontinental RR; no immigration restrictions • Lincoln doesn’t campaign; no speeches • WINS with all free states except NJ • A “minority President”

34. 1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

35. SECESSION! • LINCOLN ELECTED - SC secedes on basis of state’s rights • Seceding Southern states seized federal property in their states • Only a few places remained in the Union’s hands, including Fort Sumter • CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE: • attempt to avoid secession & reestablish 36’30’ line across US; Lincoln won’t agree • FEB. 1861 - Deep South has seceded • SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX • ESTABLISH CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA • JEFFERSON DAVIS President

36. SOUTHERN ARGUMENTS FOR SECESSION • States’ Rights • Economic imbalance with the North • Strength of N. England abolitionist clamor • Fear of R President that would flood the S with anti-slavery officials (maybe even black!) • BOTH SIDES are kidding themselves: • N thinks S is bluffing on secession • S doesn’t think N would forcibly resist secession

37. GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT: “Wayward sisters, depart in peace.”