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Understanding Alcohol: Effects, Metabolism, and Health Implications

Explore the world of alcohol, from fermentation to intoxication, metabolism, and the impact on health. Learn about diseases associated with alcohol consumption, the French paradox, and the metabolism of ethanol and methanol.

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Understanding Alcohol: Effects, Metabolism, and Health Implications

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  1. Alcohol, spiritus, ethanol • An Arabic expression: al-kahal = fine substantion • Fermentation: from glucose with yeast enzymes,max. concentration 14 % • Beer: cca 5 % alcoholWine: cca 12 % alcoholDestillated beverages: cca 40-50 % alcohol alcohole18.ppt

  2. Theeffectsofalcohol • Acute alcohol intoxication (Noe) • Alcoholism (addiction) • Alcoholic is who drinks more than his doctor • Withdrawal syndrome (delirium, white mice) • Diseases associated with alcohol consumption • Beneficial health effects of moderate drinking • The French paradox alcohole18.ppt

  3. Resorbtion and excretion • Rapid resorbtion – ethanol is a small hydrophilic molecule • Already from stomach (empty – full) • 30 to 150 minutes • Possible resorbtion also through skin and other mucosa • Metabolism mainly in liver through 2 enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase • To a lesser extent catalase and MEOS • Excretion through kidneys and lungs alcohole18.ppt

  4. E2 E1 alcohole18.ppt

  5. E1 • Ethanol acetaldehyde • Acetaldehyde acetic acid • If E2 << E1, accumulation of acetaldehyde, unpleasant symptoms (women, Japanese and Chinese people) E2 alcohole18.ppt

  6. Hangover, kac, kocovina, alcohole18.ppt

  7. Acute intoxication alcohole18.ppt

  8. Metabolic consequences Decrease of gluconeogenesis, hypoglycamia in diabetics! Decrease of lipid oxidation, fatty liver up to liver cirrhosis Acidosis Decreased excretion of uric acid, attacks in patients with gout alcohole18.ppt

  9. Alcohol and diseases • Direct effect (brain, liver) • Common cause of dementia (Korsakoff) • Cirrhosis • fatal bleeding from oesophageal varices • Deficient nutrition • B vitamin deficiency and neuropathy • Toxic compounds • Methanol, glycols, cobalt, thujone from absynth alcohole18.ppt

  10. Alcohol and the western populations • Absolute abstainers 10 % • Consistent consumers 20 % • Nonconsistent consumers 20 % • Occasional heavy drinkers27 % • Regular heavy drinkers 20 % • Addictive alcoholics 3 % alcohole18.ppt

  11. Consequences of heavydrinking in EU Fatal traffic accidents 17 000 Fatal injuries 27 000 Assassinations 2 000 Self-murder 10 000 Deaths due to liver cirrhosis* 45 000 Deaths due to malignant tumors 50 000 Deaths due to neuropsychical diseases 17 000 * Liver failure and bleeding from oesophageal varices alcohole18.ppt

  12. Alcohol and health? • TheFrench paradox (CHD in France vs Scotland) • Ý HDL cholesterol, Ý fibrinolysis, ßcoagulation, Ýinsulin sensitivity • Decreased risk of MI • Antioxidants (resveratrol) ? Life style ? alcohole18.ppt

  13. Metabolism of methanol The same, but… Formaldehyde is more toxic as compared with acetaldehyde, formic acid is extremely toxic Severe acidosis, damage of the retina, blindness Ethanol therapy ?! alcohole18.ppt

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