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Topic 17 – www.buschistory.net Urban America and The Progressive Era

Topic 17 – www.buschistory.net Urban America and The Progressive Era. 1901-1921. What is Progressivism?. A broad movement to ameliorate societal problems Included broad Legislation and local social efforts Includes 4 Constitutional Amendments : 16-19 Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson

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Topic 17 – www.buschistory.net Urban America and The Progressive Era

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  1. Topic 17 – www.buschistory.netUrban America and The Progressive Era 1901-1921

  2. What is Progressivism? • A broad movement to ameliorate societal problems • Included broad Legislation and local social efforts • Includes 4 Constitutional Amendments: 16-19 • Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson • 1901-1921

  3. Progressivism in General • Found in all classes, regions, and classes • Not a unified movement, but a collection of reforms • Themes: • Anger towards rise of big business • Emphasis on the lack of individualism and social Darwinism • Belief that citizens need to intervene to improve society • Inspiration: • Evangelical Protestantism • Natural and social scientists • Believed they had a mission to frame laws that restricted minorities

  4. Promoting Reform • Muckraking • Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives • S. S. McClure’s McClure’s • Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the Cities • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle • Social Sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics) • Lester Frank Ward (sociologist against social Darwinism) • John Dewey (philosopher that critiqued approach to education) • John R. Commons (organized a state industrial commission) • Richard Ely (wanted government to intervene and solve social problems) • Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (wanted laws to take changing social conditions into account)

  5. Social Control • Prohibition • WCTU was a large temperance group for women • Core strength was Protestant, rural Americans • 18th Amendment (1919) • Prostitution • Standardized education

  6. Immigrants, Cities, and Unions • Immigrants were majority in the industrial labor force • Ghettos • Company towns • Garment industry • The Uprising of the 20,000 • ILGWU • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) • Ludlow Massacre (1914) • American Federation of Labor (founded 1886) • Industrial Workers of the World (1905)

  7. Women and African Americans • Settlement house movement • Jane Adams and Hull House (1889) • Florence Kelley • General Federation of Women’s Clubs • Anti-prostitution • Birth control debate (Margaret Sanger) • Muller v. Oregon limits maximum hours for working women • 4/5 of 10 million African Americans lived in the South • Racial Darwinism • Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee Institute • W. E. B. Du Bois and NAACP

  8. A Disagreement on African American Reforms • Booker T. Washington –(4/5 1856 – 11/14 , 1915 • Washington offered black acquiescence in disenfranchisement and social segregation if whites would back the idea of black progress in education, agriculture, and economics. • Blacks would learn trades that are useful to whites • W.E.B. DuBois – 2/23, 1868 – 8/27, 1963 • Disagreed with Washington’s acceptance of lesser status for Blacks • Fought for complete equality in education, employment, and voting

  9. Teddy Roosevelt 1901- 1909 • Foreign Policy • Roosevelt Corollary • Big Stick • Panama Canal • Russo-Japanese War • Great White Fleet • http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/progressivism/ • Domestic Reforms • Pure Food and Drug Act • Meat Inspection Act • Elkins Act • Hepburn Act • Trust Buster – Northern Securities • Square Deal • Conservation

  10. Conservation and Preservation • Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) • Established Reclamation Bureau to turn arid land into farms • National Conservation Committee • Studied minerals, water, forest, and soil resources • US Forest Service (1905) • Gifford Pinchot was the head • Fought with John Muir over a dam in HetchHetchy Valley • Later went head to head with Richard Ballinger about coal mines in Alaska • National Park Service (1916)

  11. After Roosevelt… • Roosevelt chose William Howard Taft to be his successor • Taft won the 1908 election • Unhappy with Taft’s presidency, Roosevelt tried to run for presidency again in 1912 • Four candidates: • Woodrow Wilson (Democrat • Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive/Bull Moose) • William Taft (Republican) • Eugene Debs (Socialist) • Wilson won

  12. William Howard Taft 1909-1913 • Payne-Aldrich Tariff • 90 Anti-Trust suits • US Steel • US Chamber of Commerce • Corporate Income Tax • Dollar Diplomacy

  13. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 • Sixteenth Amendment – Income Tax -1913 • Seventeenth Amendment - Election of Senators by popular vote - 1913 • Eighteenth Amendment – Prohibition – 1919 • Twentieth Amendment – Suffrage - 1919 • The Underwood-Simmons Act (1913) • Reduced taxes on materials such as wool, sugar, agricultural machinery, shoes, iron and steel • The Federal Reserve Act (1913) • Established 12 Federal Reserve Acts • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) • Replaced Sherman’s Antitrust Act • Exempted labor unions • Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) • Government controls corporations like the ICC controls railroads

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